BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) have been proposed to be a useful biomarker for assessing pathological events in brain. Here, we examined the temporal profiles of MMP-9 in blood and brain using a rat model of acute focal cerebral ischemia. METHODS Plasma and brain levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were quantified at 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours after permanent mid...

BACKGROUND Cardioembolic stroke generally results in more severe disability, since it typically has a larger ischemic area than the other types of ischemic stroke. However, it is difficult to differentiate cardioembolic stroke from non-cardioembolic stroke (atherothrombotic stroke and lacunar stroke). In this study, we evaluated the levels of plasma brain natriuretic peptide in acute ischemic s...

Background: Previous studies have shown beneficial associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status and cognitive performance, but results are inconclusive. Studies on 25(OH)D status and brain volumetric measures may provide more insight in the potential role of vitamin D in cognitive performance. Objectives: The aims of this study were to cross-sectionally investigate the association ...

conclusions these data suggest that am404’s concentration-time profile in the brain is similar to those of acetaminophen and its other metabolites. measurement of blood acetaminophen concentration seems to reflect the concentration of the prospective bioactive substance, am404. results the maximum plasma concentrations of acetaminophen and am404 in the rat brain were 15.8 µg/g and 150 pg/g, res...

Novel coronavirus causes the outbreak of COVID-19. There is still no verified treatment regimen against this novel virus; however, different drugs and compounds have been tested against it. Ample proposals have led to a good understanding of pathogenesis and drug efficacy against the novel virus disease. Excess systemic inflammation, which is described as cytokine storm, in the severe cases of ...

hypertonic solutions play an important role in the treatment of tissue edema. following the induction of experimental vasogenic brain edema by occlusion of the common carotid arteries in eight rabbits, the effect of hypertonic lactated ringer's solution (subjects), vs. isotonic lactated ringer's solution (control), was studied on blood pressure, electrolyte (sodium, potassium, and cal...

This review discusses strategies to optimize brain penetration from the perspective of drug discovery and development. Brain penetration kinetics can be described by the extent and time to reach brain equilibrium. The extent is defined as the ratio of free brain concentration to free plasma concentration at steady state. For all central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery programs, optimization...

Administration of the artificial sweetener aspartame (L-aspartylphenylalanylmethyl ester; 200 mg/kg) by gavage to rats caused large increments in brain and plasma levels of phenylalanine and its product tyrosine. Glucose administration (3 g/kg, by gavage, a dose sufficient to cause insulin-mediated reductions in plasma levels of the large neutral amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine) als...

The aim of this study was to investigate whether in vivo drug distribution in brain in monkeys can be reconstructed by integrating four factors: protein expression levels of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)/multidrug resistance protein 1 at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), in vitro transport activity per P-gp molecule, and unbound drug fractions in plasma and brain. For five P-gp substrates (indinavir, quin...

normal 0 false false false en-us x-none ar-sa microsoftinternetexplorer4 background: the efficacy of mitoxantrone induction therapy in rapidly worsening multiple sclerosis (ms) is well established. plasma exchange is also applied as an adjuvant in exacerbations of relapsing ms. the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of combination therapy with mitoxantrone and plasma exchange versus ...