the present study was conducted to compare the effect of individual and group pre-task planning on efl learners’ accuracy and complexity in speaking. to fulfill the purpose of the study, 60 intermediate female learners at the first grade of high school were chosen by means of a sample preliminary english test (pet) and randomly divided into two experimental groups of 30 students; the individual...

The Materials Requirements Planning (MRP) method that is applied in production planning and management has some weaknesses. One of its weaknesses is that the time in MRP method is discrete, and is considered as time period. Hence we are not able to order our requirements at irregular time moments or periods. In this paper, a new form of MRP is introduced that is named Continuous Materials Requi...

Heuristic search has been successful for games like chess and checkers, but seems to be of limited value in games such as Go and shogi, and puzzles such as Sokoban. Other techniques are necessary to approach the performance that humans achieve in these hard domains. This paper explores using planning as an alternative problem-solving framework for Sokoban. Previous attempts to express Sokoban a...

Most computational story generation systems lack the ability to generate new types of imaginary objects that play functional roles in stories, such as lightsabers in Star Wars. We present an algorithm that generates such imaginary objects, which we call gadgets, in order to extend the ontological expressivity of existing, planning-based story generation systems. The behavior of a gadget is repr...