This study investigates how different form-focused instruction (FFI) timing impacts English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ grammar development. A total of 169 Chinese middle school learners were assigned to four conditions randomly: control, before-isolated FFI, integrated and after-isolated FFI. The three experimental groups received treatments which combined form meaning with the passi...

Foraging theory originated in attempts to address puzzling findings that arose in ethological studies of food seeking and prey selection among animals. The potential utilization of biomimicry of social foraging strategies to develop advanced controllers and cooperative control strategies for autonomous vehicles is an emergent research topic. The activity of foraging can be focused as an optimiz...