in this article, we suggested a novel design of polarization splitter based on coupler waveguide on inp substrate at 1.55mm wavelength. photonic crystal structure is consisted of two dimensional (2d) air holes embedded in inp/ingaasp material with an effective refractive index of 3.2634 which is arranged in a hexagonal lattice. the photonic band gap (pbg) of this structure is determined using t...

Negative impacts on the environment, bird well-being, and farm worker health indicate the need for abatement strategies for poultry litter NH(3) generation. Type of bedding affects many parameters related to poultry production including NH(3) losses. In a randomized complete block design, 3 trials compared the cumulative NH(3) volatilization for laboratory-prepared litter (4 bedding types mixed...

Moisture absorbency is one of the most important characteristics of rodent beddings for controlling bacterial growth and ammonia production. However, bedding manufacturers rarely provide information on the absorbencies of available materials, and even when they do, absorption values are usually expressed per unit mass of bedding. Since beddings are usually placed into cages to reach a required ...

Soluble salts, nutrients, and pathogenic bacteria in feedlot-pen runoff have the potential to cause pollution of the environment. A 2-yr study (1998-1999) was conducted at a beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlot in southern Alberta, Canada, to determine the effect of bedding material [barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straw versus wood chips] and within-pen location on the chemical and bacterial propertie...

Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 disease associated with animal exhibits have been reported with increasing frequency. Transmission can occur through contact with contaminated haircoats, bedding, farm structures, or water. We investigated the distribution and survival of E. coli O157:H7 in the immediate environments of individually housed, experimentally inoculated cattle by systematically...

We present embeddings of generalized ladders as subgraphs into the hypercube. By embedding caterpillars into ladders, we obtain embeddings of caterpillars into the hypercube. In this way we obtain almost all known results concerning the em-beddings of caterpillars into the hypercube. In addition we construct embeddings for some new types of caterpillars.

Sedimentary units generally present anisotropy in their hydraulic properties, with higher hydraulic conductivity along bedding planes, rather than perpendicular to them. This common property leads to a modeling challenge if the sedimentary structure is folded. In this paper, we show that the gradient of the geological potential used by implicit geological modeling techniques can be used to comp...

Many pet owners, breeders and pet retailers favor wood chips as pet bedding for a variety of reasons. Most wood chips are inexpensive and depending on the wood used, wood chips can provide natural insecticidal, bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties. Such bedding can often kill or inhibit the spread of fleas, mites or other pests, and the resins and other aromatic chemicals emitted by the ch...

The marble burying test is a simple behavioral psychopharmacology task in which rodents, especially rats and mice, are exposed to glass marbles laying on thick bedding materials. This test has been widely used to assess the effects of a variety of psychoactive drugs. Although the marble burying test clearly reflects drug efficacy, many aspects of the behavior itself remain unclear. In the prese...

Sand bedding material is frequently used in dairy operations to reduce the occurrence of mastitis and enhance cow comfort. One objective of this work was to determine if sand-based bedding also supported the microbiologically based suppression of an introduced bacterial pathogen. Bedding samples were collected in summer, fall, and winter from various locations within a dairy operation and teste...