Placenta is the most accurate record of the infant prenatal experience. If the placenta is examined minutely after delivery, it provides much insight into the prenatal health of the baby and the mother. The weight of placenta is higher in diabetic pregnancy in comparison to the normal pregnancy. To study the cellular changes that might contribute to more weight of placenta in diabetic pregnanci...

In human pregnancy, placental cytotrophoblasts that invade the uterus downregulate the expression of adhesion receptors that are characteristic of their epithelial origin, and upregulate the expression of adhesion receptors that are expressed by vascular cells. We suggest that this transformation could be critical to endovascular invasion, the process whereby cytotrophoblasts invade the uterine...

  Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) with four different types is one of the well studied autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system. Generally, two-thirds of MS patients are females who are at risk of pregnancy-related complications. Inappropriate responses of mother’s immune system, such as antibody production against placental proteins, may lead to pregnancy-related disorders. The as...

placental site trophoblastic tumor (pstt) is the rare variant of gestational trophoblastic diseases (gtd), which differs histologically and immunologically from gtd. diagnosis of pstt is often difficult and delayed. in most cases, diagnosis is not possible until the surgery is performed. the most therapeutic choice is hysterectomy and it is usually successful. here we report two cases of pstt.

Background: Cesarean section delivery can lead to much maternal morbidity. Different cytokines have been reported to be influenced by the mode of delivery. Objective: To investigate the influence of mode of delivery on maternal, placental and cord sera of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. Methods: These three cytokines were measured using ELISA in...

BACKGROUND NO and NO synthases (NOS) play an important role in the physiology of the fetomaternal blood circulation, although their expression in pathological conditions is unclear. Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a disorder most probably caused by abnormality of the fetomaternal bloodflow. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of endothelial NOS (ecNOS) from arteria umbilicalis and ...

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a major cause of poor outcome, including placental abruption, organ failure, cerebrovascular accident and disseminated intravascular coagulation. These disorders are associated with increased fetal risk of intrauterine growth restriction, intrauterine death and prematurity. Electrocardiography (ECG) recently emerged as a useful tool to evaluate cardiovasc...

Abnormally invasive placentation is becoming more common with a recent increase in cesarean sections and maternal age, among other risk factors. Ultrasonography is the first line-imaging, but it can be difficult to diagnose when limiting factors are present. Failure to recognize this serious placental abnormality precludes us from making the appropriate plan for the delivery and consequently ca...

Interest has recently been directed towards sympodia, a foetal malformation better known by the synonyms sirenomelia, sympus dipus or mermaid foetus. This malformation consists of more or less complete fusion of the lower limbs to form a single extremity. Less frequently reported is the condition described by Ballantyne (1904) as monopodia, in which there is a single lower extremity which shows...