This article states that insomnia can or should be defined in physiologic terms; insomnia is better understood from a neurobiological perspective. A review of the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness is provided with a special emphasis on the implications for insomnia. A complete understanding of insomnia requires the neurobiological characterization of insomnia be informed by modern cognitive...

Ion channels, both ligand- and voltage-gated, play fundamental roles in many physiologic processes. Alteration in ion channel function underlies numerous pathologies, including hypertension, diabetes, chronic pain, epilepsy, certain cancers, and neuromuscular diseases. In addition, an increasing number of inherited and de novo ion channel mutations have been shown to contribute to disease state...

Introduction Echocardiography is a non-invasive procedure which enables full assesment of cardiac function. The inferior vena cava (IVC) is a compliant blood vessel, easily distended, especially in cases of hypovolemia. Assessment of the physiologic characteristics of the IVC provides a rapid distinction between low and high volume states and offers the clinician a rapid, noninvasive way to gui...

Recently proposed revisions to the American Dental Association's Guidelines for the Use of Sedation and General Anesthesia by Dentists, aimed at improving safety in dental offices, differentiate between levels of sedation based on drug-induced changes in physiologic and behavioral states. However, the author of this op-ed is concerned the proposed revisions may have far-reaching and unintended ...

objective: several medications have been used for sedation in children in dentistry and intra-nasal route has been reported to be an efficient way regarding patient cooperation. the aim of the present study was to compare the changes in physiologic parameters following intra-nasal midazolam and ketamine administration.   methods: in this randomized cross-over double-blind trial, 17 uncooperativ...

the aims of this study were to determine some major biochemical alterations observed in first calving cows with udder edema during the periparturient period and to detect some associations between dietary factors and the disease. for that, the concentrations of some electrolytes (na+, k+, cl, ca2+, p and mg2+), lipid (triglycerides and cholesterol) markers and lipoproteins (hdl, ldl and vldl) a...

objective: to compare the effect of the physiologic and facilitated labor on the mother and neonate outcomes in the prim gravid women referring to arash hospital. materials and methods: this clinical trial study was performed on 200 low risk pregnant women referring to arash women's hospital in 2012-2013. mothers were divided into two groups of 100 patients using a simple random sampling method...

Purpose. To compare the effects of physiologic versus pharmacologic pupil dilation on anterior chamber angle (ACA) measurements obtained with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods. Forty eyes from 20 healthy, phakic individuals with open angles underwent anterior segment OCT imaging under 3 pupillary states: (1) pupil constricted under standard room lighting, (2) physio...

PURPOSE Physiologic gaze-evoked nystagmus (GEN) is one of many normal eye movements seen on the neurologic examination. GEN occurring at gaze angles >45 degrees is considered a positive sign in the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test (HGNT) used by United States police officers to determine alcohol intoxication. METHODS The authors enrolled 56 subjects after a brief survey and a neurologic examina...