barley belongs to the poaceae which is the largest monocotyledon family. plastid single-copy gene acetyl-coa carboxylase (accase) is the first step in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and therefore, it is used to study the phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary and systematic of grasses. in this study, for the first time, phylogenetic relationship of eight species of hordeum genus from iran in...

Darwin's naturalization hypothesis (DNH) proposes that colonization is less likely when the colonizing species is related to members of the invaded community, because evolutionary closeness intensifies competition among species that share similar resources. Studies that have evaluated DNH from correlational evidence have yielded controversial results with respect to its occurrence and generalit...

background and aims: hemagglutinin (ha) protein of avian influenza (ai) plays an essential role in the virus pathogenicity. ai h9n2 subtype causes significant economic loss in broiler and layer in poultry farms in iran. ai viruses have a great involvement in evolutionary changes at nucleotide and amino acid levels and vaccines could induce faster rates of such changes. up-dated understanding of...

conclusions overall, results of present study were consistent with the data reported earlier base on 5’ ntr in iranian isolates and revealed genotype ir2 is major genotype in iranian hgv-positive patient. it means there are higher similarities between iranian and europe-usa in hgv ns3 gene. results nucleotide blast results emphasized that most similar sequences to ir ns3 sequences were those fr...

conclusions the prevalence of b. hominis in the study area was lower than that reported for most developed countries, and unlike in other countries in the middle east, st4 was the most prevalent subtype. results blastocystis hominis was found to have a prevalence of 3.33% in the study population. there was no significant association of blastocystis infection with age (p = 0.3) or gender (p = 0....

background: canine distemper (cd) is a lethal systemicdisease affecting a wide variety of terrestrial carnivores.objectives: this study was performed to survey epidemiologicaland molecular characteristics of the canine distemper virus(cdv) strains circulating in iran. methods: in this study, 19cdv-suspected unvaccinated dogs from northeast and center ofiran were analyzed for presence of cdv nuc...

waterborne outbreaks of pathogenic bacteria from contaminated water are serious threats forpublic health. coliform bacteria have been regarded as one of the most important indicators for monitoringpathogenic bacteria. to address potential pathogenic bacterial outbreaks, the distribution and diversity ofcoliform bacteria in jiahe river, which flows through densely-populated urban area in china, ...

abstract background and aims: newcastle disease (nd) is a highly contagious disease that affects many species of birds and causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide and the pathogenicity of newcastle disease virus (ndv) strains varies with different virulence. we aim to detect lentogenic (low virulence) nd virus (nd/ir 2010) using sentinel birds and molecular detectio...

background and aims: rubella virus is a human pathogen that causes congenital rubella syndrome (crs) when infection occurs during early pregnancy. vaccination programs have been remarkably successful in controlling natural rubella infection and crs. moreover, ongoing surveillance for all cases of rubella and crs is a vital component of a prevention program. although the who recommends the use o...

avian pneumovirus (apv) causes turkey rhinotracheitis (trt) and swollen head syndrome (shs) of chickens, which is usually accompanied by secondary bacterial infections that increase mortality. in iran, some serological studies indicated that apv infection is endemic in commercial poultry industry. in this study we diagnosed apv genome molecularly in suspected broiler flock (4 weeks) in iran and...