As remarked in the Introduction to this volume, there are two different phenomena that have been comprehended under the title of ‘generics’: (a) reference to kinds and (b) some statements of generality. Reference to kinds is a feature of (some) noun phrases, since it is (some) NPs that can accomplish reference. Meanwhile, generic statements involve an entire sentence, since it is entire sentenc...

Current scientific research on consciousness aims to understand how consciousness arises from the workings of the brain and body, as well as the relations between conscious experience and cognitive processing. Clearly, to make progress in these areas, researchers cannot avoid a range of conceptual issues about the nature and structure of consciousness, such as the following: What is the relatio...

The quantum-mechanical description of the world, including human observers, makes substantial use of entanglement. In order to understand this, we need to adopt concepts of truth, probability and time which are unfamiliar in modern scientific thought. There are two kinds of statements about the world: those made from inside the world, and those from outside. The conflict between contradictory s...

In recent years, diversity, whether it be ecological, biological, cultural, or linguistic diversity, has emerged as a major cultural value. This paper analyzes whether a single concept of diversity can underwrite discussions of diversity in different disciplines. More importantly, it analyzes the normative justification for the endorsement of diversity as a goal in all contexts. It concludes th...

AT a public meeting of the Royal Medical Society at Paris, on the 13th of March 1783, the premium of 1200 livres offered by the fociety in 1778 for the beft difiertation on the treatment of hydrophobia, was divided between three of the candidates; one of theie, M. le Roux, furgeon-major to the General Hofpital at Dijon, whofe effay was fuppofed to have the moft merit, though not enough to entit...

Artificial Intelligence was born in 1956 as the off-spring of the newly-created cognitivist paradigm of cognition. As such, it inherited a strong philosophical legacy of functionalism, dualism, and positivism. This legacy found its strongest statement some 20 years later in the physical symbol systems hypothesis, a conjecture that deeply influenced the evolution of AI in subsequent years. Recen...

TH E Royal College of Phyficians at Nancy have propofed the following prize questions : " i. What are the unwholefome proper" ties of fnow water, ice water, or the waters " of chalky and gypfeous foils ? What affinities " and diftinftions are there between thefe four " fpecies of water, relative to their chemical <c compofition and their dietetic effects ? What " is the reafon that all waters w...