PLL Basics A phase-locked loop is a feedback system combining a voltage controlled oscillator and a phase comparator so connected that the oscillator frequency (or phase) accurately tracks that of an applied frequencyor phase-modulated signal. Phase-locked loops can be used, for example, to generate stable output frequency signals from a fixed low-frequency signal. The phase locked loop can be ...

We point out that the μ-problem in theories in which supersymmetry breaking is communicated to the observable sector by gauge interactions is more severe than the one encountered in the conventional gravity-mediated scenarios. The difficulty is that once μ is generated by a one-loop diagram, then usually Bμ is also generated at the same loop order. This leads to the problematic relation Bμ ∼ μΛ...

Phase locked loops find wide application in several modern applications mostly in advance communication and instrumentation systems. PLL being a mixed signal circuit involves design challenge at high frequency. This work analyses the design of a mixed signal phase locked loop for faster phase and frequency locking. The PLL is designed in GPDK090 library of CMOS 90nm process to operate at a freq...

We study the nonrelativistic limit of the theory of a quantum Chern–Simons field minimally coupled to Dirac fermions. To get the nonrelativistic effective Lagrangian one has to incorporate vacuum polarization and anomalous magnetic moment effects. Besides that, an unsuspected quartic fermionic interaction may also be induced. As a by product, the method we use to calculate loop diagrams, separa...

We consider saddle point integrals in d variables whose phase functions are neither real nor purely imaginary. Results analogous to those for Laplace (real phase) and Fourier (imaginary phase) integrals hold whenever the phase function is analytic and nondegenerate. These results generalize what is well known for integrals of Laplace and Fourier type. The proofs are via contour shifting in comp...

This paper concerns the H∞ loop-shaping design for multiloop operation of paralleled DC/DC converters. The preand post-compensators are designed to shape the nominal plant model to achieve the desired performance. Then, the H∞ controller is synthesized in order to achieve the robust stability and robust performance of the system in the presence of uncertainties. Finally, the H∞ controller absor...

With each superinuitionistic logic (si-logic), we associate its downward and upward subframizations, and characterize them by means of Zakharsyachev’s canonical formulas, as well as by embedding si-logics into the extensions of the propositional lax logic PLL. In an analogous fashion, with each si-logic, we associate its downward and upward stabilizations, and characterize them by means of stab...

Most high-order, harmonic-generation experiments to date have used gas target pressures in excess of 10 Torr. These high pressures have been used to enhance the harmonic signal, which increases quadratically with the pressure. The phase-mismatch factors (caused by both neutral and ionized media) increase with the pressure as does the effect of refraction of the incident laser when the medium be...

A model of motion detection is presented. The model contains three stages. The rst stage is unoriented and is selective for contrast polarities. The next two stages work in parallel. A phase insensitive stage pools across diierent contrast polarities through a spatiotemporal lter and thus can detect rst and second order motion. A phase sensitive stage keeps contrast polarities separate, each of...

Nowadays, reducing the energy consumption of large scale and distributed infrastructures has truly become a challenge for both industry and academia. This is corroborated by the many efforts aiming to reduce the energy consumption of those systems. Initiatives for reducing the energy consumption of large scale and distributed infrastructures can without loss of generality be broken into hardwar...