Secondary pest outbreaks occur when the use of a pesticide to reduce densities of an unwanted target pest species triggers subsequent outbreaks of other pest species. Although secondary pest outbreaks are thought to be familiar in agriculture, their rigorous documentation is made difficult by the challenges of performing randomized experiments at suitable scales. Here, we quantify the frequency...

OBJECTIVE Stimulation intensity (SI) in transcranial magnetic stimulation is commonly set in relation to motor threshold (MT), or to achieve a motor-evoked potential (MEP) of predefined amplitude (usually 1 mV). Recently, IFCN recommended adaptive threshold-hunting over the previously endorsed relative-frequency method. We compared the Rossini-Rothwell (R-R) relative-frequency method to an adap...

The noncatalytic domain of protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-PEST contains a binding site for the focal adhesion-associated protein paxillin. This binding site has been narrowed to a 52-residue sequence that is composed of two nonoverlapping, weak paxillin binding sites. The PTP-PEST binding site on paxillin has been mapped to the two carboxyl-terminal LIM (lin11, isl-1, and mec-3) domains. Tr...

Agent-based models (ABM) are ideal tools to deal with the complexity of pest invasion throughout agricultural socio-ecological systems, yet very few studies have applied them in such context. In this work we developed an ABM that simulates interactions between farmers and an invasive insect pest in an agricultural landscape of the tropical Andes. Our specific aims were to use the model 1) to as...

Agroecosystem plant diversification can enhance pest biological regulation and is a promising alternative to pesticide application. However, the costs of competition for resources between plants may exceed the benefits gained by pest regulation. To disentangle the interactions between pest regulation and competition, we developed a generic process-based approach that accounts for the effects of...

INTRODUCTION Patient eczema severity time (PEST) is a new atopic dermatitis (AD) scoring system based on patients' own perception of their disease. Conventional scales such as SCORing of atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) reflect the clinician's observations during the clinic visit. Instead, the PEST score captures eczema severity, relapse and recovery as experienced by the patient or caregiver on a da...

20 A farmer's decision on whether to control a pest is usually based on the perceived 21 threat of the pest locally and the guidance of commercial advisors. Therefore farmers in a 22 region are often influenced by similar circumstances, and this can create a coordinated 23 response for pest control that is effective at a landscape scale. This coordinated response is 24 not intentional, but is a...