This basic socio-cultural framework, with all its inherent ambivalences and contradictions, emerged during the colonial era and exercised a deep and lasting impact on the political, economic and social structure of the new South American nations. Only after many decades was the impact blurred by the action of other external influences, change occurring from within, and a growing sense of nation...

Background: Datura stramonium is a poisonous and common flowering plant that is a member of the Solanacae family. Datura poisonings are a rare occurrence in the 21st century, making toxicological information on this plant sparse. Historical information on Datura provides useful information on the clinical symptoms and characteristics of poisonings. This review looks at the state of knowledge on...

Since fi rst discovered in the early 19th century, the ossuaries from Bushehr, Persian Gulf, have attracted attention as possible archaeological evidence for ancient Zoroastrian burial practice. Th is practice involved exposing cadavers to birds before the surviving remains were gathered for deposition in an ossuary. In this paper, the human remains recovered from two ossuaries at Bushehr are d...

persian carpet weaving is one of iran’s most famous industries that has attracted the world’s attention to persian arts through the centuries. what above all, have given prominence to persian carpet as a beautiful work of art are the pattern and its composition in a two-dimensional space. the diversity of patterns, use of deep and beautiful colors, good composition, harmony of colors, delicate ...

Doubt could be expressed that a special section on late 19th century mathematics, or, more specifically, on Victorian mathematics, was an appropriate place for a lecture on 19th century logic. Most 19th century scholars would have been of the opinion that philosophers are responsible for research on logic. On the other hand, the history of late 19th century logic indicates clearly a very dynami...

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Introduction and Goals 19th century Europe was infested with diphteria, tuberculosis (TB), cholera and multiple infectious diseases. Cholera and TB are examples of diseases that had been deadly in the 19th century and declined rapidly independently of the discovery of medication. In particular, in the UK there was a shift from ubiquitous mortality to extremely low mortality from the mid-19th to...