a broad range of per-meation events from femtoseconds to minutes in time scale and sub-angstrom to millimeter in space were discussed. A main message in the Perspectives was to explore each discipline to expand its limitation, such that different levels of knowledge in a hierarchy of ion permeation events are integrated. Here, we propose another approach from a mesoscopic point of view. Electro...

Infection is the primary source of mortality in burn patients. One of the main treatment methods of burn wound infections is topical antimicrobial therapy, in which drugs have to permeate a dead tissue called eschar. Unfortunately, most antimicrobial agents can not permeate eschar in therapeutic levels. Surprisingly, permeation properties of this barrier and effects of chemical or environmental...

Infection is the primary source of mortality in burn patients. One of the main treatment methods of burn wound infections is topical antimicrobial therapy, in which drugs have to permeate a dead tissue called eschar. Unfortunately, most antimicrobial agents can not permeate eschar in therapeutic levels. Surprisingly, permeation properties of this barrier and effects of chemical or environmental...

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of penetration enhancers on permeation kinetics of nitrendipine (NTP) through two different skin models. The permeation profile and related kinetics parameters such as activity parameter, diffusion parameter, lag time, relative activity parameter and relative diffusion parameter of NTP was determined in presence of some novel and widely ac...

Little is known about the barrier properties of polymer films during high pressure processing of prepackaged foods. In order to learn more about this, we examined the influence of high hydrostatic pressure on the permeation of raspberry ketone (dissolved in ethanol/water) through polyamide-6 films at temperatures between 20 and 60 degrees C. Permeation was lowered by increasing pressure at all ...

The purpose of this study was designed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo skin absorption of capsaicin and nonivamide from hydrogels. Various commercialized creams of capsaicin were also compared with hydrogels. Both skin stripping technique and Mexameter were applied to evaluate the level of capsaicin and nonivamide retained in stratum corneum (SC) and skin erythema in vivo. The partition...

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the skin permeation of naltrexone (NTX) under the influence of a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). The permeation of NTX across human epidermis and a silicone membrane in vitro was monitored during and after application of the PEMF and compared to passive application. Enhancement ratios of NTX human epidermis permeation by PEMF over passive diffus...

This study investigates the effects of two surfactants (one anionic and one non-ionic) and controlled modifications in temperature (298-323K) on the permeation of two structurally similar compounds through a silicone membrane using a Franz diffusion cell system. In all cases the presence of an anionic surfactant, namely sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), reduced the permeation of both compounds (me...

Achieving a desirable percutaneous absorption of drug molecule is a major concern in formulating dermal and transdermal products. The use of penetration enhancers could provide a successful mean for this purpose. The aim of this study was to develop Clotrimazole gel and to evaluate the effect of almond oil and tween 80 (in different concentrations), on the permeation of drug through rabbit skin...