background and purpose: pain perception with arteriovenous fistula (avf) cannulation is a major concern among patients undergoing hemodialysis. this study aimed to compare the efficacy of cryotherapy and placebo in the reduction of avf puncture-related pain in hemodialysis patients. methods: this randomized clinical trial was conducted on 50 patients undergoing hemodialysis selected via random ...

BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is controversial. There is growing evidence of altered pain perception in people engaging in NSSI. Some hypotheses have been made on addictive aspects of this behavior. Pain and addictive behavior are modulated by the opioid system, which makes the endogenous opioids one of the candidate neurotransmitters related to NSSI. This ar...

the primary function of pain is to warn the organism against dangers threatening its integrity. pain does serve as a warning signal for impending injuries. in some people, particularly young children. pain perception has been absent. congenital intesitivity to pain with anhidrosis (cipa) is rare genetic disease characterized by absence of reaction to noxious stimuli and anhidrosis. in this revi...

background: labor pain is one of the most severe pains which has ever evaluated and its fear is one of the reasons women wouldn't go for natural delivery. considering different factors which affect experiencing pain, this study aimed to explain women's experiences of pain during childbirth. methods: this was a qualitative phenomenological study. the study population was composed of 14 women in ...