Robert Garrett emigrated from Scotland to Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) in 1822. Within a few months of arrival he was posted to the barbaric penal colony in Macquarie Harbour, known as Sarah Island. His descent into alcoholism, medical misadventure and premature death were related to his largely unsupported professional environment and were, in many respects, typical of those subjected to t...

In deciding whether to reform or revise a document or institution, one must first address what the subject of the reform effort is. Before deciding whether the institution is serving its purposes well or badly, in other words, we must ask ourselves what purposes it is supposed to serve. The MPC is and does a number of things, though I suspect its predominantly academic audience of today is cons...

In repeated normal-form (simultaneous-move) games, simple penal codes (Abreu, 1986, 1988) permit an elegant characterization of the set of subgame-perfect outcomes. We show that the logic of simple penal codes fails in repeated extensive-form games. By means of examples, we identify two types of settings in which a subgame-perfect outcome may be supported only by a profile with the property tha...

Bringing policy reform to fruition is an enterprise fraught with difficulty; penal no different. This paper argues that the concept of ‘storylines’, developed within studies, capable generating valuable insights into internal dynamics change and particularly ‘commmunicative miracle’ whereby participants sufficiently align achieve reform. I utilize part-privatization part-marketization probation...

Since the Meiji Restoration, penitentiary administrative system and design of penal buildings in Japan have been developed with reference to examples from Western countries as part an institutional modernization effort. The policy has discipline prisoners based on benevolence humanism, not punish. It was around 1900 that a unified jurisdiction for all prisons established by Ministry Justice. th...

When a person commits one or more crimes, after s/he has been finally convicted for previous crime is known as recidivist. While many studies have conducted focusing on the factors that contribute of recidivism attempting to reduce it, this research focuses criminal policy approach tool desist from reoffending. The first part concept recidivism, types and legal provisions governs with clarifyin...