. introduction weathering is crushing, decomposition and decaying the rocks of outer earth's crust by natural processes such as; running waters, wind blowing and ice creeping and biological actions and so on. the study of weathering is important because this process lead to formation of all known of soil types in outer part of earth crust finally. climate is the most important parameter in crea...

Heat exchangers play an important role in the performance of thermal machines, namely, electric power generators, engines and refrigerators. Regarding thermoelectrics, this influence is even higher, owing to the difficulty of transferring heat from the small surface area of a typical thermoelectric module to a bigger one. Particularly, in the hot face of an average 40 mm x 40 mm Peltier module,...

The study of thermoelectricity in molecular junctions is of fundamental interest for the development of various technologies including cooling (refrigeration) and heat-to-electricity conversion 1-4 . Recent experimental progress in probing the thermopower (Seebeck effect) of molecular junctions 5-9 has enabled studies of the relationship between thermoelectricity and molecular structure 10,11 ....

In most biochemical analyses, a flow-through heating arrangement is needed to reduce the reaction time or maintain a constant temperature. A rectangular reactor is described that is constructed of aluminium, is hollow inside and is filled with silicone oil. The glass coil through which the solution flows is immersed in the silicone oil. The heater, a Peltier-effect heat pump, on one side and th...

We have experimentally detected a Peltier effect produced by the current flow 111 ohmic contacts upon integrated circuits. These contacts are small size heat sources which are very useful for investigating integrated circuits. We have characterised their thermal properties with a high resolution interferometric laser probe by measuring absolute thermal expansions. Subpicometric resolution has a...

The temperature and yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) thickness dependences of the spin Peltier effect (SPE) have been investigated using a Pt/YIG junction system at temperatures ranging from room to Curie YIG by lock-in thermography method. By analyzing dependence an exponential decay model, characteristic length SPE in is estimated be 0.9 $\mu$m near almost constant even temperature. high-temperature...