Many normal children have heart murmurs, but most children do not have heart disease. An appropriate history and a properly conducted physical examination can identify children at increased risk for significant heart disease. Pathologic causes of systolic murmurs include atrial and ventricular septal defects, pulmonary or aortic outflow tract abnormalities, and patent ductus arteriosus. An atri...

Innocent heart murmurs are quite common in children and adolescents. These murmurs are physiologic in nature and are not associated with any structural heart disease. Not only does the idea of having a child with a murmur bring unnecessary unrest to families, but the child also often goes through numerous tests that could be avoided. It is critical to obtain a detailed history and perform a tho...

BACKGROUND 49, XXXXY syndrome is a rare sex chromosomal disorder, occurring in 1 per 85,000-100,000 male births. The classical phenotype is ambiguous genitalia, facial dysmorphism, mental retardation and a combination of cardiac, skeletal and other malformations. CASE A two month-old boy with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and low birth weight, facial dysmorphism, clinodactyly in feet...

OBJECTIVE Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common form of cardiovascular diseases in children. This study was performed from September 2006 to August 2007 in Ardebil, Westnorthern Iran. The aim was to determine the prevalence of heart murmur in newborns and its correlation with CHD. METHODS In a 1-year cross sectional descriptive-analytic study, 2928 newborns were screened for heart...

The aim of this study was to examine if isolated fetal ventricular septal defect (VSD) is associated with trisomy 21. One hundred twenty six cases with prenatal VSD diagnosed by a pediatric cardiologist were reviewed. Cases with known risk factors for congenital heart disease, the presence of other major anomalies, soft signs for trisomy 21 or a positive screen test for trisomy 21 were excluded...