PD-L1, PD-L2 and other immune-related molecules regulate Th1 and Th2 immune responses. Tumor-expressed PD-L1, when bound to PD-1 or B7.1 on activated T cells, can mediate cancer immune evasion. While inhibiting PD-L1 receptor binding represents an attractive strategy to restore tumor-specific T-cell immunity, other immune-related factors and cell types within the tumor microenvironment affect a...

Substantial efforts have been made to understand the interactions between immune checkpoint receptors and their ligands targeted in immunotherapies against cancer. To carefully characterize the complete network of interactions involved and the binding affinities between their extracellular domains, an improved kinetic assay is needed to overcome limitations with surface plasmon resonance (SPR)....

The PdTe NPs (hexagonal) and nanorods (first example) have been synthesized for the first time from single source precursors (SSPs), [Pd(L1)Cl2] (1) and [Pd(L2)Cl]BF4 (2) [L1, 4-bromo-1-[2-(4-methoxyphenyltellanyl)ethyl]-1H-pyrazole; L2, bis-[2-(4-bromopyrazol-1-yl)ethyl]telluride], by their thermolysis in an OA–ODE mixture (1:1) and TOP respectively. The composition of the PdTe phase does not ...

The recently identified CD28 homolog and costimulatory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are homologs of B7, constitute an inhibitory regulatory pathway of potential therapeutic use in immune-mediated diseases. We examined the expression and functions of PD-1 and its ligands in experimental cardiac allograft rejection. In initial studies, we found that m...

BACKGROUND Invossa™ (TissueGene-C) is a cell and gene therapy for osteoarthritis. It is composed of primary human chondrocytes (hChonJ cells) and irradiated human chondrocytes modified to express TGF-β1 (hChonJb#7 cells). The hChonJ cells were isolated from a polydactyly donor, and TGF-β1 cDNA was delivered to the cells, generating hChonJb#7 cells. Since the cells are allogeneic, the concern of...

Background Inhibition of T cell activation and effector function via engagement the co-inhibitory receptor PD-1 is a critical mechanism enabling tumors to evade host immunity. The two ligands for PD-1, PD-L1 PD-L2, can be expressed by variety immunosuppressive stromal cells, particularly myeloid lineage, endothelial themselves. In addition engages B7-1 in an additional interaction. Blocking onl...

Memory B cells are long-lived cells that generate a more vigorous response upon recognition of antigen (Ag) and T cell help than naïve B cells and ensure maintenance of durable humoral immunity. Functionally distinct subsets of murine memory B cells have been identified based on isotype switching of BCRs and surface expression of the co-stimulatory molecule CD80 and co-inhibitory molecule PD-L2...

Abstract The immunological status of human meningiomas is not well understood, hindering the development rational immunotherapeutic strategies. We measured levels PD-L1, PD-L2, and immune cell subsets using multiplex quantitative immunofluorescence in a tissue microarray composed 73 (56 WHO Grade 1, 13 2, 4 3). analyzed tumor-infiltrating populations, T-cell activation/dysfunction, macrophage p...