The increasing share of medical bills paid by third-party payers (insurance companies and governments) and the disastrous consequences are documented. Patients overuse medical resources since those resources appear to be free or almost free. Producers of medical equipment create new and more expensive devices, even if they are of only marginal benefit, since third-party payers create a guarante...

Background New scientific progress in the “precision medicines” direction and a better diagnosis of rare diseases have led Regulators and Payers to focus their vigilance towards the real life setting. Although Regulators and Payers are taking into consideration patient pressures for rapid access to treatment, nevertheless they must balance the difficulties of taking significant decision coping ...

OBJECTIVES Our objective was to gather perspectives from payers on how comparative effectiveness research (CER) in the United States and relative effectiveness (RE) research in Europe will impact evidentiary standards for access decisions of new drugs by 2020. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with fourteen senior officials representing public and private payers, health technolo...

External groups requiring measures now include public and private payers, regulators, accreditors and others that certify performance levels for consumers, patients and payers. Although benefits have accrued from the growth in quality measurement, the recent explosion in the number of measures threatens to shift resources from improving quality to cover a plethora of quality-performance metrics...

In recent years, drug manufacturers and private payers have expressed interest in novel pricing models that more closely link a drug's price to its value. Indication-based pricing, outcome-based pricing, drug licenses, and drug mortgages have all been discussed as alternatives to paying strictly for volume. Manufacturers and payers have complained, however, that Medicaid's "best-price rule" inh...

In May 2012, Health Canada and other participants held a National Summit on Subsequent Entry Biologics (SEBs). Health Canada released a guidance document in March 2010 describing policy positions and data requirements for approval of SEBs. While Health Canada and health agencies in other regulatory jurisdictions are aligned on many scientific principles related to biosimilar drugs, Health Canad...

Abstract In response to a change in interest rates, younger firms not paying dividends adjust both their capital expenditure and borrowing significantly more than older dividends. The reason is that the debt of non-dividend payers far sensitive fluctuations collateral values, which are affected by monetary policy. results robust wide range possible confounding factors. Other channels, including...

Introduction Outcomes Based Agreements (OBAs) are financial arrangements that offer the opportunity to align payment health outcomes in real-world, and share risk by providing long-term solutions grant access medicines, with reimbursement only when performance is achieved. OBAs most likely be useful there high uncertainty clinical data, but they difficult design implement, other options usually...

A mathematical formula for estimating spatial release from masking (SRM) in a cocktail party environment would be useful as a simpler alternative to computationally intensive algorithms and may enhance understanding of underlying mechanisms. The experiment presented herein was designed to provide a strong test of a model that divides SRM into contributions of asymmetry and angular separation [B...