The article examines the latest challenges to system of collective security associated with political instability and economic turbulence. Their key prerequisites, factors features a global nature are determined. origins international conflicts shown, an emphasis on armed that turn into wars according logic their progression practice response. Examples reaction actions aggressor in form economi...

The advent of the internet has given rise to new era e-commerce which is trading information, goods, and services via leading growth online shopping or e-shopping (Klakota & Whinston, 2008). Online business grown very fast due numerous preferences related purchasing on web lower transactions inquiry costs when contrasted with different types shopping. Through shopping, consumers can purchas...

The contemporary literature on political parties has identified their gradual but consistent shift away from civil society and towards the state. As are becoming ever increasingly dependent state resources exclusively interested in governing, as Mair (Ruling void: hollowing of western democracy [Verso Books, 2013]) suggested, patronage is a fundamental to that relationship, degree modes party b...

This essay examines the economics of patronage in the production of knowledge and its influence upon the historical formation of key elements in the ethos and organizational structure of publicly funded open science. The emergence during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries of the idea and practice of “open science" was a distinctive and vital organizational aspect of the Scientif...