Contract signing is a fundamental service in doing business. The Internet has facilitated the electronic commerce, and it is necessary to find appropriate mechanisms for contract signing in the digital world. A number of two-party contract signing protocols have been proposed with various features. Nevertheless, in some applications, a contract may need to be signed by multiple parties. Less re...

As in traditional commerce, parties to a contract in ebusiness environments are expected to operate in good faith and comply with mutually agreed terms of contract. It may be the case however that deviation from the agreed contract obligations occur either intentionally or due to force majeure. In this paper we argue that there is value in providing various levels of automated support to deal w...

judicial reconsideration refers to the process that should obligations of parties of a contract become unequal due to some unexpected accident, the judge would reconsider articles of the contract on the basis of a general judgment in the law, a juristic rule, or verdicts of jurists. there are some opinions as to justification of judicial reconsideration some of which being that of implicit cond...

the most accurate contracts may also be involved in ambiguity, and interpretation is trying to understand the legal concept. insurance contract are counted as accession contracts in which the insured has no thorough understanding of the terms. because of parties inequality in insurance contracts, they fall into a different category from the interpretation perspective and demand protective inter...

Electronic contracting, based on explicit representation of different parties’ commitments, is a promising way to specifying and regulating behaviour in distributed business applications. A key part of contract-based system is a process through which the actual behaviour of individual parties is checked for conformance with contracts set to govern such behaviour. Such checking requires that rel...

We study a contracting model with unforeseen contingencies in which the court is an active player. Ex ante, the contracting parties cannot include the risky unforeseen contingencies in the contract they draw up. Ex post, the court observes whether an unforeseen contingency occurred and decides whether to void or uphold the contract. If the contract is voided by the court, the parties can renego...