Several biochemical changes have been described in noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) after chronic morphine treatment. Changes in neurochemical expression in opioid afferent projections to the LC may be equally important in modulating noradrenergic neurons during chronic opiate exposure. To test the hypothesis that opioid peptides in LC afferents are altered after chronic opiate...

• Work schedule during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. • Genetic evaluation of stillbirth in United States holsteins using a sirematernal grandsire threshold model. • Combining internal and external validation data to correct for exposure misclassification: A case study. • Activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the paragigantocellularis lateralis decreases shivering during cooling in the conscio...

THE ROSTRAL PORTION OF THE VENTRAL MEDULLA OR RVM COMPRISES SEVERAL GROUPS OF NEURONS THAT ARE THOUGHT TO BE INVOLVED IN CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CONTROL, including the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), portions of the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGCL), the parapyramidal region, and the caudal raphé.1 The RVM has anatomic connections to the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups,2 the interme...

introduction: the antinociceptive effect of morphine is, in part, mediated through the activation of a descending pathway. one of the major components of this pathway is the nucleus raphe magnus (nrm). our previous study demonstrated the involvement of nrm in the analgesic effect of morphine microinjected into the nucleus cuneiformis (ncf) in a descending manner. the aim of the current study wa...

a b s t r a c tintroduction: the nucleus cuneiformis (ncf) and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlpag), two adjacent areas, mediate the central pain modulation and project to the nucleus raphe magnus (nrm). methods: this study examined whether the antinociceptive effect of morphine microinjected into the ncf is influenced by inactivation of vlpag and nrm in rats. animals were bilaterally micr...

Introduction: The nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi) is involved in the descending pain modulation. The neurostreoid, 17β-estradiol found in the PGi nucleus and modulates nociception by binding to estrogen receptors and also by allosteric interaction with NMDA receptors. In this study, the role of NMDA receptors in the 17β-estradiol-induced pain modulation was investigated by assess...

gamma aminobutyrate (gaba) is a non-protein amino acid that is thought to play an important role in the modulation of the central response to stress. mechanisms by which gaba may facilitate these responses to stress are metabolic and/or mechanical disruptions. environmental stresses increase gaba accumulation through cytosolic acidification, induce an acidic ph-dependent activation of glutamate...

Rodents begin to use bilaterally coordinated, rhythmic sweeping of their vibrissae ("whisking") for environmental exploration around 2 weeks after birth. Whether (and how) the vibrissal control circuitry changes after birth is unknown, and the relevant premotor circuitry remains poorly characterized. Using a modified rabies virus transsynaptic tracing strategy, we labeled neurons synapsing dire...

purpose: to present a patient with localized corneal edema due to a small retained fragment of nucleus in the anterior chamber after uncomplicated phacoemulsification. case report: a 74-year-old female subject with history of phacoemulsification in her right eye about 1.5 years ago complained of foreign body sensation, pain and decreased vision in the same eye. visual acuity of that eye had dec...