Appendix B of The Principles of Mathematics (1903) contains Russell’s first statement of his theory of logical types. This simple version of the theory is designed to block the reasoning that leads to the paradox of the Russell class. But Russell notes immediately that new problems arise. The problems culminate in the paradox of propositions. This is a problem that seems to run in exact paralle...

Obesity remains an important risk factor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, it has been observed that increased body fat and body mass index predicted longer survival after the occurrence of a cardiovascular event. This observation has been named the obesity paradox. Initially, the term obesity paradox referred to the observation of the better outcome of cardiovascular dis...

The Allais Paradox, or common consequence effect, has been a standard challenge to normative theories of risky choice since its proposal over 60 years ago. However, neither its causes nor the conditions necessary to create the effect are well understood. Two experiments test the effects of losses and event splitting on the Allais Paradox. Experiment 1 found that the Allais Paradox occurs for bo...

Information privacy paradox is of great interest to IS researchers and firms gathering personal information. This paradox has been found by IS researchers from social, behavioral, and economic aspects independently. However, there is a lack of study that examines the degrees of influence that different factors contribute to the privacy paradox problem. We combine both economic and social perspe...

In this paper, we consider a well-known epistemic game theoretical paradox, called the Brandenburger-Keisler Paradox, and provide various alternative models in which the paradoxical statement becomes satisfiable. For this task, first, we resort to various non-classical logical frameworks, and reformulate the paradoxical statement in them. We discuss the paradox in non-well-founded set theory an...