UNLABELLED Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in the world and the leading cause of death. Frequency and mortality are significantly reduced thanks to cytological Papanicolau test (PAP). Regular PAP test can reduce approximately 80% of cases of this cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY To examine frequency of cervical cancer and changes of cervix, the age of risk for the changes and effect ...

Although routine Pap screening represents an effective tool in the early detection of cervical cancer, it remains underused by some Canadian women. This study examines selected sociodemographic, health, lifestyle, and system barriers to Pap test participation among 33,817 women aged 18+ years in the cross-sectional 1996-97 National Population Health Survey (NPHS). Among women 18 years and over,...

BACKGROUND To assess the possibility of hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein (HIP/PAP) as a biological marker for detecting Bladder cancer (BCa), we examined the expression of HIP/PAP in both BCa specimens and BCa cell lines and measured HIP/PAP levels in urine from patients with BCa. METHODS HIP/PAP expression in BCa samples was evaluated by western blot analysi...

BACKGROUND Cervical cancer mortality rates are among the highest in the United States for Northern Plains Native American women compared with white and other Native American women. The aims of Messengers for Health, a community-based participatory research project based on the Apsáalooke (Crow Indian) Reservation, are to decrease cervical cancer screening barriers, improve knowledge regarding s...

OBJECTIVE To estimate costs and outcomes of conventional annual Papanicolaou (Pap) test screening compared with biennial Pap test plus speculoscopy (PPS) screening for cervical neoplasms. DESIGN A Markov model compared cost-effectiveness and outcomes of annual Pap tests with biennial PPS. The model includes direct costs of screening, diagnostic testing, and treatment for squamous intraepithei...

The history of “The Bethesda System” (TBS) for reporting cervical cytology goes back almost 3 decades. This terminology and the process that created it have had a profound impact on the practice of cervical cytology for laboratorians and clinicians alike. The Bethesda conferences and their ensuing output have also set the stage for standardization of terminology across multiple organs systems, ...

INTRODUCTION The Pap smear test has been regarded as a promising cervical screening tool since 1940s. Yet its importance has been overlooked by beneficiaries in Malaysia. This underlines the need to identify the prevalence of Pap smear practice and influencing factors towards the practice among educated working women. METHODS A survey was conducted with 403 female teachers from 40 public seco...

OBJECTIVE To learn more about young women's understanding of the term Pap smear. DESIGN Self-administered survey. SETTING UMass Memorial Adolescent Clinic. PARTICIPANTS Female patients 14 years or older (and their mothers when available) who visited the clinic between June 10 and August 9, 2002. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Accuracy of participants' written definition for the term Pap smear an...