normal 0 false false false en-us x-none ar-sa background : routine episiotomy is a controversial issue among gynecologists. the aim of this study was to compare early maternal and neonatal complications of restrictive episiotomy and routine episiotomy in primiparus vaginal delivery. methods : in this descriptive cross-sectional study, two groups of primiparus normal vaginal delivery (nvd) cases...

introduction: the main reason for choosing cesarean delivery is to save the life or health of the mother and her baby. however, cesarean is not without complications, either for the mother or the baby. it is well documented that cesarean rate in iran is higher than other developing countries and mother’s request reported the main influencing factor. this study carried out to find the relative f...

The management of pain in dentistry encompasses a number of procedural issues, including the delivery of anesthetic and the management of postprocedural pain, as well as pain diagnosis, management strategies for orofacial conditions that cause pain in the face and head, and the management of pain in special populations. Given the extensive nature of the topic, this article reviews pain definiti...

Chronic pain continues to pose substantial and growing challenges for patients, caregivers, health care professionals, and health care systems. By the time a patient with severe refractory pain sees a pain specialist for evaluation and management, that patient has likely tried and failed several nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic approaches to pain treatment. Although relegated to one of the in...

Objective To compare the expected and actual pain experienced with the insertion of intrauterine contraception in women, and to determine whether either of these are related to their personal circumstances, or affected their satisfaction with the procedure. Design A convenience sample of 89 women aged 15-50 years attending a sexual health clinic for same day intrauterine contraception inserti...

background & aim : assisting parents in selection of appropriate method of delivery is one of targets of preparation classes of childbirth. group training method gives mothers a chance to share their experiences and beliefs with each other and the midwife may provide them with high quality training by presenting them with correct information. the aim of this study is to investigate the effect g...

Hormone replacement remains one of the common therapies for menopause-related pain but is associated with risk of orofacial or back pain. Spinal endomorphin-2 (EM-2) is involved in varied pain and its release is steroid-dependent, but whether increasing spinal EM-2 can inhibit thermal hyperalgesia and inflammatory pain in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats, an animal model mimicking menopause, is...

INTRODUCTION To examine pregnancy and delivery characteristics of women with and without vulvodynia. METHODS The authors analyzed 227 vulvodynia cases that were less than 45 years old at pain onset; controls were age matched 1:1 to cases and had no history of vulvar pain. Pregnancy and delivery events were assessed after age at first vulvar pain onset (the reference age) in cases and a matche...

OBJECTIVE To study the prognosis for pelvic girdle pain, and to explore the association between presence of emotional distress during pregnancy and pelvic girdle syndrome 6 months after delivery. DESIGN Longitudinal population study. SETTING Norway, for the period 1999-2008. POPULATION A follow-up of 41 421 women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort who reported pelvic girdle pain at ...

Introduction The following history represents a selection of articles taken from the Internet and other sources. These are referenced at the end. They give a reasonably accurate and concise history of childbirth and should provide any prospective mother of the 21st century with a realistic perspective of the safety of childbirth. Thus, when she embarks upon her pregnancy, knowledge of the past ...