The test of significance does not provide the information concerning psychological phenomena characteristically attributed to it; and a great deal of mischief has been associated with its use. The basic logic associated with the test of significance is reviewed. The null hypothesis is characteristically false under any circumstances. Publication practices foster the reporting of small effects i...

Researchers sometimes argue that their exposure-measurement errors are independent of other errors and are nondifferential with respect to disease, resulting in estimation bias toward the null. Among well-known problems with such arguments are that independence and nondifferentiality are harder to satisfy than ordinarily appreciated (e.g., because of correlation of errors in questionnaire items...

Akio Hosoya, Thomas Buchert, 1, 3 and Masaaki Morita 5 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh–Okayama, Meguro–ku, Tokyo 152–0033, Japan Theoretische Physik, Ludwig–Maximilians–Universität, Theresienstr. 37, D–80333 München, Germany Department of Physics and Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan Depart...

We present a novel characterization of the generalized family wise error rate: kFWER. The interpretation allows researchers to view kFWER as a function of the test statistics rather than current methods based on p-values. Using this interpretation we present several theorems and methods (parametric and non-parametric) for estimating kFWER in various data settings. With this version of kFWER, re...