PURPOSE This present study investigated the absorption kinetics of echinacoside (ECH) in situ and in vitro and its oral bioavailability in rats. Additional aim was to find an agent(s) to promote ECH absorption and oral bioavailability among two efflux proteins and three absorption promoters. METHODS ECH absorption behaviors were investigated by everted gut sac model in vitro and single-pass i...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the absorption of tacrolimus by means of simultaneous perfusion of intestinal lumen and blood vessels in rats. In our previous report, the permeability of tacrolimus was found to be higher in the jejunum than in the ileum or colon, suggesting the site-dependent absorption after oral administration. However, in this article, simultaneous perfusion tech...

The combination of passive drug permeability, affinity for uptake and efflux transporters as well as gastrointestinal metabolism defines net drug absorption. Efflux mechanisms are often overlooked when examining the absorption phase of drug bioavailability. Knowing the affinity of antimalarials for efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) may assist in the determination of drug absorpt...

BACKGROUND Ezetimibe has been shown to inhibit cholesterol absorption in animal models, but studies on cholesterol absorption in humans have not been performed thus far. METHODS AND RESULTS The effect of ezetimibe (10 mg/d) on cholesterol absorption and synthesis, sterol excretion, and plasma concentrations of cholesterol and noncholesterol sterols was investigated in a randomized, double-bli...

Sriparna Mukherjee, a David E. Torres ‡ and Elena Jakubikova *a A computational study of a series of [Fe(tpy)2] 2+ (tpy 1⁄4 2,20:60,200-terpyridine) complexes is reported, where the tpy ligand is substituted at the 4, 40, and 400 positions by electron donor (furan, thiophene, selenophene, NH2) and acceptor (carboxylic acid, NO2) groups. Using DFT and TD-DFT calculations, we show that the substi...

Adrenaline is known to prolong the duration of local anesthesia but its effects on the pharmacokinetic processes of local anesthetic drugs are not fully understood. Our objective was to develop a compartmental model for quantification of adrenaline's impact on the pharmacokinetics of perineurally-injected lidocaine in the dog. Dogs were subjected to paravertebral brachial plexus block using lid...

OBJECTIVE We studied whether patterns of glucose absorption during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were abnormal in individuals with impaired glucose regulation and whether they were related to sex and body size (height and fat-free mass). We also examined how well differences in insulin sensitivity and β-cell function measured by gold-standard tests were reflected in the corresponding OGT...

We investigate the net effect of a multitude of thin magnetic tubes on the energy of ambient acoustic p modes. A p mode, when incident on a thin magnetic flux tube, excites magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) tube waves. These tube waves propagate vertically along the flux tube carrying away energy from the p-mode cavity resulting in the absorption of incident p-mode energy. We calculate the absorption a...

Spin-sensitive bleaching of the absorption of far-infrared radiation has been observed in p-type GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well structures. The absorption of circularly polarized radiation saturates at lower intensities than that of linearly polarized light due to monopolar spin orientation in the first heavy-hole subband. Spin relaxation times of holes in p-type material in the range of tens of ps w...