Carbohydrates, principally glycogen, trehalose, and glucose, are the energy reserves for the flight of flies. Glycogen deposits are found in the soluble cytoplasm of the muscle, and the initial reactions of glycogen, trehalose, or glucose catabolism are localized in the cytoplasm (1). During glycolysis, the first oxidative step occurs at the triose level and reduced coenzyme, reduced diphosphop...

Despite the fact that lactate and pyruvate are potential substrates for energy production in vivo, our understanding of the control and regulation of carbohydrate metabolism is based principally on studies where glucose is the only available carbohydrate. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the contributions of lactate, pyruvate, and glucose to energy production in the isolate...

Fatty acid degradation in most organisms occurs primarily via the β-oxidation cycle. In mammals, β-oxidation occurs in both mitochondria and peroxisomes, whereas plants and most fungi harbor the β-oxidation cycle only in the peroxisomes. Although several of the enzymes participating in this pathway in both organelles are similar, some distinct physiological roles have been uncovered. Recent adv...

The kinetics of the oxidation of sucralose, an emerging contaminant, and related monosaccharides and disaccharides by ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)) were studied as a function of pH (6.5-10.1) at 25°C. Reducing sugars (glucose, fructose, and maltose) reacted faster with Fe(VI) than did the non-reducing sugar sucrose or its chlorinated derivative, sucralose. Second-order rate constants of the reactions of...

Excessive dietary fat intake causes systemic metabolic toxicity, manifested in weight gain, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. In addition, carbohydrate utilization as a fuel is substantially inhibited. Correction or reversal of these effects during high-fat diet (HFD) intake is of exceptional interest in light of widespread occurrence of diet-associated metabolic disorders in global human ...

To investigate the effect of training status on the fuel mixture used during exercise with glucose ingestion, seven endurance-trained cyclists (Tr; maximum O2 uptake 67 +/- 2.3 ml.kg-1.min-1) and eight untrained subjects (UTr; 48 +/- 2 ml.kg-1.min-1) were studied during 120 min of exercise at approximately 60% maximum O2 uptake. At the onset of exercise, 8 ml.kg-1.min-1 of an 8% naturally enric...

A novel bis-sulfated tetraglycosylceramide containing N-acetylgalactosamine was isolated from the lipid extract of rat kidney. The isolation procedure involved extraction of lipids with chloroform/methanol, alkaline methanolysis, and column chromatographies with DEAE-Sephacel and silica beads. By infrared spectroscopy, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, periodate oxidation, solvolysis, chr...