According to orthodox (Kolmogorovian) probability theory, conditional probabilities are by definition certain ratios of unconditional probabilities. As a result, orthodox conditional probabilities are undefined whenever their antecedents have zero unconditional probability. This has important ramifications for the notion of probabilistic independence. Traditionally, independence is defined in t...

The construction by Hall of a fundamental orthodox semigroup WB from a band B provides an important tool in the study of orthodox semigroups. We present here a semigroup SB that plays the role of WB for a class of semigroups having a band of idempotents B. Specifically, the semigroups we consider are weakly B-abundant and satisfy the congruence condition (C). Any orthodox semigroup S with E(S) ...

One third of a century ago, Paul Samuelson [1959, 1629] argued that American economists "present a united front tbat reflects too little basic disagreement on fundamentals." Samuelson's point was confirmed in a 1976 survey of economists by J. R. Kearl et al. [1979; hereafter "Kearl"]. Kearl concluded that, among economists, there was much agreement and very little disagreement on both theoretic...

Views about correct ways of obtaining knowledge develop from socially constructed tenets and beliefs. The dominant beliefs about how health research should be conducted are derived from the biomedical model of human health. The beliefs are maintained by traditions developed in support of the orthodox model and by power relationships. This paper examines the impact of the orthodox views of the b...

The nature of spirituality belonging to teachers in orthodox-Protestant education and how this infl uences the practice of education is portrayed in this study. In particular, attention goes to the role of religion in that spirituality. Spirituality is considered to be ‘the manner in which one – by orienting oneself on sources – relates experiences of inspiration and/ or transcendence, more or ...

The article discusses the main ideas of F. M. Dostoevsky’s political philosophy and their organic connection with integrity his Orthodox worldview. It is shown that monarchism writer, artistic world understanding a person as spiritual being shared same higher moral foundations. philosophy, though unappreciated by readers from “the educated stratum”, at time exactly corresponded to off icial ide...

David Sloan Wilson (2015) argues forcefully that altruism exists in humans and that the biological mechanism of “group selection” is responsible. Indeed, Wilson argues that altruism and group selection are pervasive and important across non-human species too, contrary to the orthodox view in biology. This review focusses on the implications of Wilson’s argument for humans and for economics, in ...