Early global deprivation of institutionalized children may result in persistent specific cognitive and behavioral deficits. In order to examine brain dysfunction underlying these deficits, we have applied positron emission tomography using 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose in 10 children (6 males, 4 females, mean age 8.8 years) adopted from Romanian orphanages. Using statistical parametric mapp...

Using longitudinal data from three demographic surveillance systems (DSS) and a retrospective cohort study, we estimate levels and trends in the prevalence and incidence of orphanhood in South Africa, Tanzania, and Malawi in the period 1988-2004. The prevalence of maternal, paternal, and double orphans rose in all three populations. In South Africa - where the HIV epidemic started later, has be...

An orphan in a transaction system is an activity executing on behalf of an aborted transaction. This paper proposes a new method for managing orphans created by crashes and by aborts. The method prevents orphans from observing inconsistent states, and ensures that orphans are detected and eliminated in a timely manner. A major advantage of this method is simplicity: it is easy to understand, to...

In 2004, Swaziland recorded the highest prevalence of HIV among pregnant women in the world ever at 43%. Around 63,000 children were estimated to have lost at least a parent to AIDS by 2006 and this figure is projected to increase in future to over 80,000 by 2010. About a third of these orphans are double orphans who have lost both parents and are most cared for by grand parents who are too old...

The study of the orphans’ communicative competence is a topical thing. situation orphanhood disrupting function communication, affects subsequent development child, hindering his intellectual and personal development, preventing formation confidence in security surrounding world, initiative, autonomy identity. can destroy children’s’ emotional connections with environment, world peers adults, c...

This paper is based on a study carried out in Rakai District, Uganda. The assumption of the study is that orphans living on their own face much greater material and psychosocial challenges and stigma than other orphans and other vulnerable children, and thus the main objectives were to initiate, and evaluate, interventions that could improve the situation for the children in child-headed househ...