The photoinduced discharge of single-layer organic photoconductors involves photogeneration in the bulk, transport requirements for both holes and electrons, and bimolecular recombination during transit. In this paper, the impacts of these features on the formation of latent solid-area and onepixel line images with laser exposure are mathema-tically analyzed. The results are compared with the c...

We report an organic solid-state distributed feedback laser consisting of an organic active layer and a Bragg grating without morphological change. The active layer consists of 4-~dicyanomethylene!-2-methyl-6-~4-dimethylaminostryl!-4H-pyran as a laser dye, tris~8hydroxyquinoline! aluminum as a host, and poly~methyl methacrylate! as a binder. The threshold and linewidth of the laser are 400 mJ/c...

Materials with strong reducibility have been used as electron injection layers (EILs) to lower the work function of cathodes and reduce the driving voltage of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the most prominent electron injection materials presented so far are high-temperature-evaporable inorganic salts based on alkaline metals, which suffer from a high tendency of metal diffusio...

Aerosol microphysics, chemical composition, and CCN properties were measured on the Department of Energy Gulfstream-1 aircraft during the Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE) conducted over the coastal waters between Point Reyes National Seashore and Monterey Bay, California, in July 2005. Aerosols measured during MASE included free tropospheric aerosols, marine boundary layer aerosol...

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been widely reported as a novel method for thin film encapsulation (TFE) of organic light-emitting diodes and organic photovoltaic cells. Both organic and inorganic thin films can be deposited by ALD with a variety of precursors. In this work, the performances of Al2O3 thin films and Al2O3/alucone hybrid films have been investigated. The samples with a 50 nm Al...

We have investigated the relationship between the energy levels of an emissive layer and the modulation rate of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on a distyrylbenzene derivative, 1,4-bis[2-[4-[N,N-di(p-tolyl)amino]phenyl]vinyl]benzene (DSB). By utilizing DSB as an emitting material, a high modulation rate can be realized because of the short fluorescence lifetime of 0.2 ns of DSB. Fur...

We performed transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of organic-inorganic hybrid thin films fabricated by the sol-gel reaction and used as the active layers of organic light-emitting diodes. The cross-sectional TEM images show that the films consist of a triple-layer structure. To evaluate the composition of these layers, the distribution of atoms in them was measured by energy-dispe...

the effects of dominant shrub species on soil organic matter (som), including total soil carbon (sc), total nitrogen (n) and particulate organic matter (pom) were studied in three stands differing in the type of shrub species, i.e. astragalus microcephalus (shrub), pteropyrum aucheri (shrub) and prangus uloptera (non-shrub).the stands were located in arid grasslands of north-western iran. for t...

Soft, conformable electrical contacts provide efficient, noninvasive probes for the transport properties of chemically and mechanically fragile, ultrathin organic semiconducting films. When combined with high-resolution printing and lamination techniques, these soft contacts also form the basis of a powerful technique for fabricating flexible plastic circuits. In this approach, a thin elastomer...

Global surface soil moisture products are derived from passive L-band microwave satellite observations. The applied retrieval algorithms include dielectric models (relating soil water content to relative permittivity) developed for mineral soils. First efforts to generate equivalent models for areas where organic surface layers are present such as in the high-latitude regions have recently been...