Dispersion, as the characteristic variation of refractive index with wavelength, is more pronounced, where the wavelength is approaching to the absorption band. In ultra-optical glasses, the nonlinear refractive index, concerning to the light intensity dependent phenomenon, becomes considerable. Here, two ultra-optical property glass systems; TiO2-Bi2O3-PbO (TBP...

Double gratings form in anisotropic photorefractive crystals when two plane waves intersecting inside the crystal have both extraordinary and ordinary wave components. The effect can be observed by reading out the two gratings with extraordinary or ordinary light. Experiments confirm the theoretical predictions. The relevance of these results in using photorefractive crystals for holographic st...

Like other tissues, joints contain resident macrophages, and their diversity is only beginning to be characterized. Based on the highlights of recent studies, we discuss where current challenges lie propose new avenues for future research in osteoarticular field. In adult mammals, macrophages are found all tissues organs body. Tissue specialized phagocytes that have a variety supportive functio...

We present a method of measurement of the extraordinary refractive index dispersion in MIR for periodically and aperiodically poled nonlinear crystals with unknown or uncertain periods. The method is based on the spontaneous parametric down-conversion and is useful for the crystals with domain structure formed directly in the process of growth by Czochralski technique. As an example we measure ...

The lipid globules in the neurones of Helix aspersa have been found by Chou in 1957 to be of three distinct kinds that differ from each other in chemical composition. In the present investigation, the refractive indices of these three kinds of globule were measured by the technique for measuring the refractive indices of cytoplasmic inclusions in living cells developed by Ross in 1954, which is...

The refractive indices of E7 liquid-crystal mixture were measured at six visible and two infrared sl=1.55 and 10.6 mmd wavelengths at different temperatures, using Abbe and wedged cell refractometer methods, respectively. The experimental data of the visible wavelengths fit the extended Cauchy equations well. Using the extended Cauchy equations, we can extrapolate the refractive indices of E7 t...

In order to study the variation of electronic properties, a set of bithiophene derivatives has been ‎developed. Here, the effect of substitution on the aromaticity properties of some cyclic ‎bithiophene derivative compounds was investigated using theoretical calculations. Calculations ‎were performed at B3LYP/6-31+G (d,p) level; and calculated properties included energy, dipole ‎moment, total c...

The effect of ordinary and restricted selection indices on body weight at different ages changes in birth weight of Iranian Moghani sheep was studied. Traits in the aggregate genotype were birth weight (BW), body weights at 3 (BW3) and 12 months of age (BW12). Two ordinary selection indices (I1 and I2) and two restricted selection indices (R1 and R2) were constructed. BW and BW3 were included i...

We propose a model for predicting the reflectance and transmittance of multiple stacked nonscattering coloring layers that have different refractive indices. The model relies on the modeling of the reflectance and transmittance of a bounded coloring layer, i.e., a coloring layer and its two interfaces with neighboring media of different refractive indices. This model is then applied to deduce t...