There are many studies on the Area Licensing Scheme in Singapore. One of the debatable issues is whether or not the congestion toll of $3 is too high. The main objective of this paper is to develop a simple method for estimating the congestion toll by directly using the commonly available trac count data. In our sensitivity analysis, we use three di€erent scenarios on the choice of the value o...

the objective of this article is to derive the necessary optimality conditions, known as pontryagin's minimum principle, for fuzzy optimal control problems based on the concepts of differentiability and integrability of a fuzzy mapping that may be parameterized by the left and right-hand functions of its $alpha$-level sets.

toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4), considered one of  the most important tlr, recognizes lipopolysaccharide of  gram-negative bacteria. recognition  of  ligands by  tlrs  induces signaling pathways resulting in activation of transcriptional factors such as nf-κb which are involved in  the  expression of  inflammatory cytokines and  chemokines. to  prevent  an inappropriate immune response, a complex ...

the innate immune system recognizes the presence of bacterial products through the expression of a family of membrane receptors known as toll-like receptors (tlrs). polymorphisms in tlrs have been shown to be associated with increased susceptibility to diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. the aim of this study was to determine whether there was a correlation between polymorphisms of tlr...

The advent of new commitments by municipal, state and federal governments to construct and operate roadways whose tolls may be set dynamically has brought into sharp focus the need for a computable theory of dynamic tolls. By a computable theory we mean a mathematical representation which is detailed enough to capture the key behavioral and technological considerations relevant to dynamic tolli...

Earlier studies have established guidelines to optimize the capital structure of a privatized project. However, in the US, many Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects may not be fully self-financed through toll or other operating revenues due to insufficient revenue streams. With the limited debt capacity secured by toll revenues, most PPP projects must be backed by both private equity inves...

Dramatically increasing travel demands and insufficient traffic facility supplies have induced severe traffic congestion. High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lane operation has been proposed as one of the most applicable and acceptable countermeasures against freeway congestion. By balancing pricing and vehicle occupancy constraints, HOT lane operations can realize the optimal traffic allocation and enha...