Crude oil fouling of the equipment surfaces is a troublesome issue which leads to operating difficulties, economic penalties, increased environmental impacts, and health and safety hazards in petroleum industry. With a rough estimation, a minimum cost of equal to 4 million barrels of oil/year is required to be invested to offset the costs of crude oil fouling in Pre-heat Trains of Iranian oil r...

Healthcare organizations are actually facing a paradoxical situation where resources are decreasing just as and costs and demand for services are increasing (Callahan, 1999). The economic and financial crisis has also had an important impact on the healthcare sector. Available resources have decreased, while at the same time costs as well as demand for healthcare services are on the rise (Mlado...

Utilization of energy storage system (ESS) in microgrids has turned to be necessary in recent years and now with the improvement of storage technologies, system operators are looking for an exact modeling and calculation for optimal sizing of ESS. In the proposed paper, optimal size of ESS is determined in a microgrid considering demand response program (DRP) and reliability criterion. Both lar...

There have been a small number of cost studies of Voice over IP (VoIP) in the academic literature. Generally, they have been for abstract networks, have not been focused on the public switched telephone network, or they have not included the operating costs. This paper presents the operating cost portion of our ongoing research project comparing circuit-switched and IP network costs for an exis...

the paper studies optimization of shell-and-tube heat exchangers using the particle swarm optimization technique. a total cost function is formulated based on initial and annual operating costs of the heat exchangers. six variables – shell inside diameter, tube diameter, baffle spacing, baffle cut, number of tube passes and tube layouts (triangular or square) – are considered as the design para...

privatization is one of the policies adopted by the governments all over the world for economic and administrative reforms. the main objectives for these reforms include the cost reduction and the productivity improvements, among others. this paper also studies the impact of privatization in the east azerbaijan's telecommunications company on its costs reduction. to that end, using mann whitney...

Ships, which are the essential elements of maritime transportation, have an indispensable role in world freight and passenger transportation. Besides sea routes, played by ships inland water transport is also very important. In addition to these important economic effects, a major pollutant source. These emissions negative effects on human health, cities, environment, as well causing atmospheri...

The article proposes a methodical approach to determine operating costs for hovercraft. presented method differs by taking into account the peculiarities of hovercraft during round year. In this case, methodology allows you separately navigation (summer) and internavigation (winter) periods. tested using example intracity suburban routes Nizhny Novgorod transport hub. calculation results were a...