Plants of one evergreen oak (Quercus ilex) and three deciduous oaks (Q. faginea, with small leaves; Q. pyrenaica and Q. robur, with large leaves) were exposed both to filtered air and to enhanced ozone levels in Open-Top Chambers. Q. faginea and Q. pyrenaica were studied for the first time. Based on visible injury, gas exchange, chlorophyll content and biomass responses, Q. pyrenaica was the mo...

Open top chambers (OTCs) are useful tools to assess the impact of atmospheric pollutants on plants in the natural environment. We have previously reported that, in tomato plants, the LTRGUS construct derived from the Tnt1A promoter of tobacco was activated by a realistic level of ozone pollution. In this study, we used OTCs to fumigate tomato plants with benzene or formaldehyde in order to asse...

Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration could have significant implications on technologies for managing plant nutrition to sustain crop productivity in the future. Soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) (C3 species) and grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) (C4 species) were grown in a replicated split-plot design using open-top field chambers under ambient (357 μmol/mol) a...

[1] We sought to determine the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on mineral weathering reactions in midlatitude carbonate-bearing forest soils of differing nutrient availability. Increased plant growth and soil respiration under elevated atmospheric CO2 suggest increased rates of carbon cycling, which may affect mineral weathering. A randomized complete block experiment was conducted, where as...

Sixteen open-top chambers (diameter, 3.66 m) were established in a scrub oak habitat in central Florida where vegetation was removed in a planned burn prior to chamber installation. Eight control chambers have been continuously exposed to ambient air and eight have been continuously exposed to elevated CO(2) at twice-ambient concentration (approximately 700 ppm) for 5 years. Soil cores were col...

an object $x$ of a category $mathbf{c}$ with finite limits is called exponentiable if the functor $-times x:mathbf{c}rightarrow mathbf{c}$ has a right adjoint. there are many characterizations of the exponentiable  spaces in the category $mathbf{top}$ of topological spaces. here, we study the exponentiable objects in the category $mathbf{stop}$ of soft topological spaces which is a generalizati...

Many species of birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles use coarse woody debris (i.e., standing and downed dead wood) for nesting, roosting, foraging, and shelter. Woodpeckers depend on decayed wood to excavate nest and roost cavities in standing trees. Secondary cavity nesters then claim the abandoned cavities for their nesting or roosting. Many of the woodpeckers and secondary cavity nesters...

When an emergency swine disease outbreak, such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), occurs, it will be necessary to rapidly and humanely depopulate and dispose of infected and susceptible pigs to limit viral replications and disease spread. Methods other than handling individual pigs will be required to achieve the necessary rapidity. Suitable and practical on-farm methods will require depopulating...