Introduction: An impaired sense of smell has a remarkable impact on the quality of life. It is seen in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease. In this study, we assessed the olfactory function in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) by Sniff Magnitude Test (SMT).  Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 48 patients with MS. A questionnaire, including demog...

It is not known whether the instincts of wild horses have remained strong during their centuries of domestication. Knowledge of this matter would give riders the opportunity to know more about the behavior of horses and consequently about safety for both horses and riders. In this current research, we studied the behavior of fifteen Caspian miniature horses of different ages and sexes using sti...

INTRODUCTION Olfactory impairment is a common occurrence in aging and may be an early signal of neurodegenerative diseases. Olfactory loss caused by aging and diseases affects both quality of life and personal safety. Aging, as well as viral infections, neurodegenerative diseases, head injuries, chronic sinusitis infections and nasal obstructions are the most common causes of olfactory disorder...

Objective: Olfactory dysfunction can be seen secondary to various diseases, such as sinonasal disease, infections of the upper respiratory tract, head trauma, and neurodegenerative diseases. A small number of recent studies have focused on olfactory dysfunction in different neuropsychiatric disorders. This study aimed to investigate olfactory bulb (OB) volume in patients with chronic major depr...