This paper presents a model of industrialization through rural–urban interdependence. It shows how an economy with a low cost share of industrial inputs in agricultural production and a low expenditure share of manufactured goods, together with a limited variety of industrial inputs, can be caught in a low development trap. By escaping from the trap the economy moves toward more roundabout meth...

We investigate the effects that regional start-up activity has on employment in new and in incumbent businesses. The analysis is performed for West German regions over the 1987-2002 period. It shows that the effects of new businesses on employment in the incumbents are significantly positive and that this indirect effect on incumbent employment leads to more jobs than what is created by the new...

Adopting a time series convergence definition and panel unit root testing procedures, we fail to reject the null hypothesis of no convergence in GDP per capita across former West German states. This result stands in contrast to the findings of previous studies for West German regions using cross-section regression techniques and is contrary to the time series findings for the United States. Fro...

Abstract Introduction Mucinous adenocarcinoma (MA) of the rectum accounts for 5-15% rectal cancers. This histological subtype has been shown to have a worse response chemoradiotherapy and long term outcomes when compared non-mucinous (NMA). The aim this study was compare genomic landscape MA NMA. Method Using BGISEQ PE100 platform, paired end whole genome sequencing carried out on tumour matche...

For decades, rapid urban expansion has led to concerns over the loss of cultivated land in rural China. Less well known is the fact that development of newly cultivated land has in fact consistently exceeded land conversion from 1999-2006. This paper provides an analytical model that makes sense of this observation, featuring fiscal decentralization, local governments as custodians of land use ...

Trade has been considered a condition for growth and development, a view that might have merits in explaining the rise of the Western world. I use a new data set from archival sources of eighteenth-century China to revisit this question. This analysis suggests previous studies of market integration, which attribute much growth to a reduction in transport costs, have overestimated these effects....