After Russia’s unprecedented seizure of Ukraine’s nuclear plant at Zaporizhzhya, the United States needs to adjust its military planning and policies cope with hostile forces’ targeting, seizure, garrisoning armed forces large, operating plants clarify regarding possible US targeting such plants. This article is first analyze these concerns. It compares assaults previous strikes against researc...

Although international law forbids nuclear attacks, only nine states have mutually assured destruction available to prevent direct attacks against themselves, while non-nuclear few substantive options deter a attack. This study analyzes the economic impacts of theoretical agreement that eliminates patent rights for any aggressor (i.e., free global compulsory licensing all intellectual property ...

Nuclear war would produce dire global consequences for humans and our environment. We simulated climate impacts of US-Russia India-Pakistan nuclear wars in an Earth System Model, here, we report on the ocean impacts. Like volcanic eruptions large forest fires, firestorms from transport light-blocking aerosols to stratosphere, resulting cooling. The responds over two timescales: a rapid cooling ...