This flash examines trends in market participation by smallholder farmers in rural central and northern Mozambique between 2008, when prices of many commodities rose to previously unseen levels, and 2011. Using panel data for 2008 and 2011, the analysis describes marketing dynamics – entry, exit, and persistence of participation, and the trends in marketing intensity associated with those dynam...

Background: Commonly consumed vegetables from local markets are considered at a higher risk for organophosphate insecticides (OPs) contamination. This study aimed to investigate the contamination of OP residues in commonly vegetable samples 5 provinces, i.e., Nan, Chiang Rai, Lamphun, Lampang, and Mai provinces located Northern Thailand. A assessment OPs among adult Thai population was also eva...

BACKGROUND The complexity of influenza seasonal patterns in the inter-tropical zone impedes the establishment of effective routine immunization programs. China is a climatologically and economically diverse country, which has yet to establish a national influenza vaccination program. Here we characterize the diversity of influenza seasonality in China and make recommendations to guide future va...

In northern provinces of Iran high rates of incidence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme deficiency have been reported and most of these patients carry one of the three common G6PD gene mutations: Mediterranean, Chatham or Cosenza. The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence of each of these mutations among neonates in Mazandaran, a northern province of Iran. Four hundre...

Cancer is a critical health threat in the world. It has an ongoing increasing trend.The aim of this study was to describe the trend, most common types of cancer and the gender ratio of cancer in Iran and its provinces. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science directs from 2000 to 2017 using Keywords including “Cancer”, “Neoplasms”, “Malignancy”, “Tumor”, “Incidence”, “Epidemiolog...

A large collection of Botryosphaeriaceae isolates obtained from fruit and forest trees with fruit rot, canker and dieback disease symptoms in northern provinces of the country were examined in this study. Based on morphology and sequence data (ITS and EF1-α), two species, Diplodia mutila and Spencermartinsia viticola are illustrated and described as new records for Iran mycobiota. Furthermore, ...

In the present study, sera from 1146 sheep from eight different locations in the northern provinces of Turkey were investigated against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) by a conventional method, as serum neutralization. Prevalence of antibodies detected against BHV-1 in sheep was found to be 1.74% (20/1146). Serum samples obtained from sheep from 4 different provinces were detected negative ag...

Background The UNAIDS targets for 2020 are to achieve a 90% rate of diagnosis in HIV-positive individuals, to provide antiretroviral treatment (ART) to 90% of HIV-diagnosed individuals and to achieve virological suppression in 90% of ART patients. Objectives To assess South Africa's progress towards the 2020 targets and variations in performance by province. Methods A mathematical model was...

BACKGROUND The public health importance of human fascioliasis has increased during last few decades due to the appearance of new emerging and re-emerging foci in many countries. Iran, as the most important focus of human disease in Asia, has been included among six countries known to have a serious problem with fascioliasis by WHO. Various aspects of the disease in Iran are discussed in this re...