Anomalous vertebral artery (VA), commonly the persistent first intersegmental artery (FIA) is often seen with congenital atlantoaxial dislocations (AAD). An unusual redundant/ectatic loop of VA passing below the C1 (upside down VA) has been described below and appears to be different from FIA. The operative technique to protect it while C1-2 joint manipulation has been described. A 35 year old ...

BACKGROUND Facet (zygapophysial) joints may be clinically important sources of chronic cervical spinal pain. Previous studies have demonstrated the value and validity of controlled, comparative local anesthetic blocks in the diagnosis of facet joint pain, and reported an overall prevalence of 36% to 67% facet joint involvement in cervical spinal pain. The reports of lumbar facet joint-involveme...

An attempt was made to determine the relative contribution of various structures to chronic low back pain, including facet joint(s), disc(s), and sacroiliac joint(s) in a prospective evaluation. Precision diagnostic blocks, including disc injections, facet joint blocks, and sacroiliac joint injections, are frequently used. In contrast, selective nerve root blocks or transforaminal epidural inje...

background: few cases of persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (phhi) have been reported, so far. the main concern in the management of phhi is to prevent severe hypoglycemia, which can lead to coma, brain damage and mental retardation. total or subtotal pancreatectomy is normally required for the infants, despite the availability of medical therapies. case report: in this report,...

malignant lymphoma is the neoplastic transformation of cells, mostly originating from lymphoid tissues. malignant lymphoma has two major subtypes: hodgkin and non-hodgkin lymphoma. malignant lymphoma is the most common neoplasm in 3rd and 4th decades of life and more than two third of affected patients presented painless peripheral lymphadenopathy. involvement of waldeyer’s ring, epitrochlear a...