We show that a qubit can be used to substitute for a classical analog system requiring an arbitrarily large number of classical bits to represent digitally. Let a physical system S interact locally with a classical field varphi(x) as S travels directly from point A to point B. Our task is to use S to answer a simple yes/no question about varphi(x). If S is a qubit, the task can be done perfectl...

In the course of its interaction with the world, the human nervous system must constantly estimate various variables in the surrounding environment. Past research indicates that environmental variables may be represented as probabilistic distributions of a priori information (priors). Priors for environmental variables that do not change much over time have been widely studied. Little is known,...

Many philosophers endorse deterrence justifications of legal punishment. According to these justifications, punishment is justified at least in part because it deters offenses. These justifications rely on empirical assumptions, e.g., that non-punitive enforcement can’t deter or that it can’t deter enough. I’ll challenge these assumptions and argue that extant deterrence justifications of legal...

IntroductIon Hart once proposed in his book “corporate governance”: Some theory and implications that governance issue would emerge if there is any interest conflict between principal and agent with no support of a complete contract in a principal‐agent relation.[1] Governance theory developed from the governance issue believes that an effective institutional arrangement could avoid or decrease...

Evidence that learning rule-based (RB) and information-integration (II) category structures can be dissociated across different experimental variables has been used to support the view that such learning is supported by multiple learning systems. Across 4 experiments, we examined the effects of 2 variables, the delay between response and feedback and the informativeness of feedback, which had p...

This new work on the most important subject of physical education will, we are certain, meet with general support. Its purpose is to give a comprehensive view of the space exercise should hold in a complete scheme of education and in the treatment of abnormal or diseased conditions. The extravagant claims of self-styled professors of certain symptoms of physical culture liave done much to retar...