Since the introduction of term public diplomacy (PD), PD literature has evolved and expanded in different directions, multiplying research conducted on actors, programs, publics, networks, tools, purposes. Focusing our discussion purpose diplomacy, potential mission-driven model called “The Golden Circle Public Diplomacy” by Cabrera Cuadrado (J Diplomacy 2:2, 2022) is used to analyze WHY Spain’...

This paper addresses the general problems encountered in an analysis of EU diplomacy, and specifically the emergence of the EU ‘diplomatic system’. The first part of the paper reviews the literature on the changing nature of diplomacy, identifying issues relating to boundaries, capacity and legitimacy and paying particular attention to multi-level and multi-stakeholder diplomacy. This review th...