This is a collaborative submission from a group of academics based in the UK with expertise in Information technology law and related areas. The preparation of the response has been funded by the British and Irish Law Education Law and Technology Association. The response has been co-ordinated by the Information Technology Think Tank, which is supported by the Arts & Humanities Research Council...

We investigate neutrality in the simple Genetic Algorithms (SGA) and in our neutrality-enabled evolutionary system using the OneMax problem. The results show that with the support of limited neutrality, SGA is less effective than our system where a larger amount of neutrality is supported. In order to understand the role of neutrality in evolutionary search of this unimodal landscape, we have c...

Using a variety of different definitions of “neutrality,” this study presents significant evidence against the neutrality to market risk of hedge funds in a range of style categories. I generalize standard definitions of “market neutrality,” and propose five different neutrality concepts. I suggest statistical tests for each neutrality concept, and apply these tests to a database of monthly ret...

The paper analyzes economic evaluations by distinguishing evaluative statements from value judgments proper. Building on this basis, it compares four solutions to the value-neutrality problem in economics. After rebutting the strong theses about neutrality (normative economics is illegitimate) and non-neutrality (the social sciences are value-impregnated), the paper settles the case between the...

The human alteration of the nitrogen cycle has evolved from minimal in the mid-19th century to extensive in the present time. The consequences to human and environmental health are significant. While much attention has been given to the extent and impacts of the alteration, little attention has been given to those entities (i.e., consumers, institutions) that use the resources that result in ex...

Hahn and Wallsten [1] wrote that network neutrality “usually means that broadband service providers charge consumers only once for Internet access, do not favor one content provider over another, and do not charge content providers for sending information over broadband lines to end users.” In this paper we study the implications of non-neutral behaviors under a simple model of linear demand-re...

This exploratory study addresses the relationship between audience trust in news media and ideal of neutrality journalism. It starts from premise that, at a time when national conservatism is on rise as political movement Western societies, journalism less recognised neutral actor politics. Therefore, efforts to present itself such may be damaging journalism’s credibility trustworthiness among ...

The neutral theory of molecular evolution and the associated notion of neutrality have interested many researchers in Evolutionary Computation. The hope is that the presence of neutrality can aid evolution. However, despite the vast number of publications on neutrality, there is still a big controversy on its effects. The aim of this paper is to clarify under what circumstances neutrality could...

Over the last years, neutrality has inspired many researchers in the area of Evolutionary Computation (EC) systems in the hope that it can aid evolution. However, there are contradictory results on the effects of neutrality in evolutionary search. The aim of this paper is to understand how neutrality named in this paper degree neutrality affects GP search. For analysis purposes, we use a well-d...