Numerous studies have demonstrated that a complex distribution of water resources, regional development, and management mechanisms create significant challenges for transboundary river basins. We utilized diagnostic thinking to examine the issues 14 main watersheds in three regions (Northeast, Northwest, Southwest) China. Our four diagnosis points were quantity, quality, ecological stability hu...

Small-scale farmers in developing countries use hazardous pesticides taking few or no safety measures. Farmer field schools (FFSs) teaching integrated pest management (IPM) have been shown to reduce pesticide use among trained farmers. This cross-sectional study compares pesticide-related knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP), potential exposure, and self-reported poisoning symptoms among 35 FFS ...

background: gastrointestinal and liver diseases (gilds) are major causes of death and disability in middle east and north africa (mena). however, they have different patterns in countries with various geographical, cultural, and socio-economic status. we aimed to compare the burden of gilds in iran with its neighboring countries using the results of the global burden of disease (gbd) study in 2...

BACKGROUND The number of cases of HBV infection reported by the WHO for each district and country is positively correlated with the number of HBV sequences in the database isolated from the corresponding district and country. OBJECTIVES This study determined distribution characteristics of HBV genotypes and subtypes in 14 countries neighboring China. The progress made in genomic research invo...

Zika virus is an Arbovirus identified first time in 1947 in Uganda. Zika epidemic is a threat far greater than the Ebola outbreak. The World Health Organization has urged Asian countries to be vigilant about the risk of spreading Zika virus and preventive measures to control it. In Iran, 64 species of mosquitoes from Culicidea family have been reported three of which belong to the Aedes genus, ...