If a nice space X is embedded in a euclidean space, it may fail to have product neighborhoods; i.e., neighborhoods which are products of X with a ball. However, if the euclidean space is a hyperplane of a higher-dimensional euclidean space one can sometimes guarantee the existence of product neighborhoods in the big euclidean space. For example, it follows from a lemma due to Klee [l ] that if ...

Optimization problems and their solution by symbolic regression methods are considered. The search is performed on non-Euclidean space. In such spaces it impossible to determine a distance between two potential solutions and, therefore, algorithms using arithmetic operations of multiplication addition not used there. optimal the space codes. It proposed that principle small variations basic be ...

BACKGROUND Research on the association between the physical environment and physical activity in children has focused on built and developed features or total green space. The impact of natural, undeveloped green spaces is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether the presence of undeveloped green spaces in the home neighborhood are associated with physical activity in 11 to...

Green space is now widely viewed as a health-promoting characteristic of residential environments, and has been linked to mental health benefits such as recovery from mental fatigue and reduced stress, particularly through experimental work in environmental psychology. Few population level studies have examined the relationships between green space and mental health. Further, few studies have c...

Segregation has been widely discussed by social scientists and especially by urban geographers and planners over the past decades. However, regardless of their focus, most of these studies view segregation as an obvious case of spatial injustice. I argue that this implicit relationship between segregation, (in) justice, and space needs to be reexamined. This paper approaches this task by review...

participation of people in their cities and neighborhoods has always been emphasized by researchers and experts in order to improve the quality of citizens’ life and having efficient urban management. however, it seems that providing participation contexts at local level by citizens needs preparations and substrates that facilitate participation. in the meantime, establishing a neighborhood man...

organization of living environment is possible through a clear definition of private and public arenas and determinationof a spatial hierarchy. such defined arenas increase the sense of belonging to the environment which personalizesresidential environments. enclosure is among the quantities that play a significant role in defining the spaces. in fact,enclosure is the factor that defines a spac...