BACKGROUND: Influenza outbreak has become a great lifethreateningdisease in the world. Nasal vaccines can inducesystemic IgG and mucosal IgA antibody responses, whichestablish two layers of immune defense against the infectiouspathogens like influenza. Mucosal vaccines must overcomeseveral limitations, including the mucociliary clearance andinefficient uptake of soluble antigens. Therefore, nas...

Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) has demonstrated varying levels of efficacy against seasonal influenza; however, LAIV may be used as a tool to measure interactions between the human microbiome and a live, replicating virus. To increase our knowledge of this interaction, we measured changes to the nasal microbiome in subjects who received LAIV to determine if associations between influe...

Our previous study showed that a combination of a plasmid-expressing Flt3 ligand (pFL) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) as a combined nasal adjuvant elicited mucosal immune responses in aged (2-y-old) mice. In this study, we investigated whether a combination of pFL and CpG ODN as a nasal adjuvant for a pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) would enhance PspA-specific secretory-IgA Ab re...

A novel nontoxic form of chimeric mucosal adjuvant that combines the A subunit of mutant cholera toxin E112K with the pentameric B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was constructed by use of the Brevibacillus choshinensis expression system (mCTA/LTB). Nasal immunization of mice with tetanus toxoid (TT) plus mCTA/LTB elicited significant TT-specific immunog...

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is a major pathogen of otitis media. One of the outer membrane proteins of NTHI, P6, is an antigen common to all strains and is considered as a candidate for mucosal vaccine. To elucidate the possibility of developing a nasal vaccine against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) and to investigate mucosal immune responses in the middle ear, mice wer...

Objective(s) The immunoadjuvant potential of cross-linked dextran microspheres (CDM) as absorption enhancer and Quillaja saponins (QS) as immunomodulator adjuvant was evaluated. Materials and Methods CDM loaded or tetanus-mixed toxoid (TT) or Quillaja saponin (QS) were nasally administered to rabbits in dry powder form, three times in 2 weeks interval and serum IgG and nasal lavage sIgA tite...

As sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) occurs via the mucosa, an ideal HIV-1 vaccine should induce both mucosal and systemic immunity. We therefore sought to evaluate the induction of mucosal responses using a DNA env prime-gp120 protein boost approach in which sequential nasal and parenteral protein administration was performed with two novel carbohydrate-based adjuva...

In the present investigation evidence was obtained indicating that nasal instillations of suitable concentrations of sodium alum or tannic acid induce in Macacus rhesus monkeys resistance to the development of poliomyelitis when the virus is introduced by the nasal route. It was found that apparently different concentrations of these chemicals are required to exert this type of protective effec...

PURPOSE To define the inductive pathways leading to rat tear IgA antibody responses. METHODS Fluoresceinated dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin was encapsulated in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles and was administered by intranasal, ocular topical, or gastrointestinal routes. Histologic methods were used to determine the microparticles' ability to access tissues associated with m...

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for efficient SARS 2 (SARS-CoV-2) preventative vaccines to limit burden and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in humans. Intranasal immunization is a promising technique preventing COVID-19 because nasal mucosa acts as first line defense against entrance before virus spreads lungs. Nasal vaccination many advantages over traditi...