Reverse transcriptase PCR designed to amplify the N1 to N9 neuraminidase (NA) genes of avian influenza viruses detected 118 of the 119 NA genes tested (99.2%) in a subtype-specific manner. This technique successfully subtyped all 167 recent avian influenza viruses isolated from birds. Subtype specificity was confirmed by sequence analyses of all 285 PCR products.

Sensitive molecular techniques are needed for rapid detection of the R292K oseltamivir-resistant mutant of influenza A(H7/N9) virus strain to monitor its transmission and guide antiviral treatment. We developed a real-time reverse transcription PCR and single nucleotide polymorphism probes to differentiate this mutant strain in mixed virus populations in human specimens.

Increasing nitrogen (N) deposition severely impacts terrestrial biogeochemical cycles by altering the stoichiometry of ecological components. Although microbes are known to play an important role in cycles, mechanisms how soil drive nutrient cycling remain elusive under N deposition. Therefore, we investigated changes microbial community diversity, composition, and interactions, elucidated rela...

PURPOSE This study evaluated the fracture load of customized zirconia abutments with titanium insert according to preparation depths, with or without 5-year artificial aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six identical lithium disilicate crowns (IPS e.max press) were fabricated to replace a maxillary right central incisor and cemented to the customized zirconia abutment with titanium insert on...

The genus Herbaspirillum of the Betaproteobacteria mainly comprises diazotrophic bacteria with a potential for endophytic and systemic colonization of a variety of plants. The plant-associated bacterial isolates N3(T), N5 and N9 were derived from surface-sterilized wheat roots. After phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence data the isolates could be allocated to the genus Herbaspirillum...

BACKGROUND Brachial monomelic amyotrophy (BMMA) is known to affect the central cervical cord gray matter resulting in single upper limb atrophy and weakness. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Case series of BMMA patients who underwent somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) studies at a tertiary referral center. AIMS We proposed to record Multichannel Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (MCSSEP) from median an...

An efficient method for N-arylation of purines is reported. The N-arylation is catalysed by Cu(i) and 4,7-bis(2-hydroxyethylamino)-1,10-phenanthroline (BHPhen) in aqueous DMF or ethanol. The reaction generally proceeds with high selectivity for the N(9)-position.

If G is a connected graph, then the distance between two edges is, by definition, the distance between the corresponding vertices of the line graph of G. The edge-Wiener index We of G is then equal to the sum of distances between all pairs of edges of G. We give bounds on We in terms of order and size. In particular we prove the asymptotically sharp upper bound We(G) ≤ 25 55 n5 + O(n9/2) for gr...