How should iterators be abstracted and encapsulated in modern imperative languages, e.g., Ada and C++? We consider the combined impact of several factors on this question: the need for a “common interface model” for userdefined iterator abstractions; the importance of formal methods in specifying such a model; and problems involved in modular correctness proofs of iterator implementations and c...

In this study we explore a method which provides an insight into the effectiveness of various hydrologic models’ routing components based on their ability to accurately represent flood peak times and shapes. The method is based on using Cross-Wavelet Transforms to estimate the phase (time) difference between the time series of the observed and the simulated discharges. In this article we evalua...

Changing of precipitation regime and intensification extreme storms in semi-arid regions because climate change requires the use numerical models to forecast outlet hydrographs. In this paper, HEC-HMS software was applied using a loss method curve number CN estimate excess parametric unit hydrograph model compute transformation into direct runoff over watershed. The Muskingum-Cunge routing used...

Abstract Considering cost and time, the Muskingum method is most efficient flood routing technique. The existing models are only different in storage equation their efficiency depends on model type estimation of parameters. In this paper, nonlinear combined with a new lateral flow equation. Although includes five decision variables, done more accurately than previous studies. hybrid have 12 var...