The thyroid is the first endocrine gland to form during embryogenesis. At this stage, incomplete or anomalous migration of thyroid tissue causes ectopic localization of the gland. In our case, a 55-year-old woman who was evaluated via ultrasonography (USG) and multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) had no thyroid gland at the normal location, but did have ectopic thyroid tissue in the left s...

The Medical Council of India, in the recent Vision 2015 document, recommended curricular reforms for undergraduates. Case-based learning (CBL) is one method where students are motivated toward self-directed learning and to develop analytic and problem-solving skills. An overview of thyroid physiology was given in a didactic lecture. A paper-based case scenario of multinodular goiter was given t...

Thyroid hemiagenesis is a rare form of thyroid dysgenesis characterized by an absence of half of the thyroid gland. Developmental hemi-thyroid anomalies can result from either an abnormal descent or an agenesis of one lobe of the thyroid gland. We report a case of a 40-year-old woman with history of a longstanding gradually progressive thyroid swelling without any complication. An ultrasonograp...

Respiratory tract obstruction is underestimated in asymptomatic intrathoracic goiter. Our aim was to evaluate the involvement of the upper airway of asymptomatic patients with intrathoracic multinodular goiter, assessing the effect on respiratory function by means of spirometry. We selected 21 patients with asymptomatic intrathoracic goiter on whom a thyroidectomy had been performed. Spirometry...

usually presents as a non-tender anterior neck mass. Asymptomatic patients may be treated medically, which often reduces the size of the gland or avoids progression of the disease. Neglected or ineffectively treated cases may grow beyond the confines of the gland, which primarily occurs caudally into the mediastinum. Cranial extension of the goiter into the retropharygeal space is a very rare p...

Functional and morphologic heterogeneity ofhuman multinodular goiters was investigated in 300 samples from "cold" and "hot" regions of 20 goiters transplanted onto nude mice. Transplants were labeled with [Hjthymidine and radioiodine, while the host's thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion was either stimulated or suppressed. Proliferation and function of follicular cells were assessed in ...

UNLABELLED Endocrine orbitopathy (EO) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves disease (GD) but the involvement of the underlying immunological dysregulations remains largely unknown. The major source for IFNa-production, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) are fundamentally involved in the integration of TH1 and TH2 immune responses but also implicated in the pathogenesis of au...

Intratracheal ectopic thyroid tissue is a rare abnormality that can cause airway obstruction. The symptoms can easily be confused with those of bronchial asthma. We describe the case of a 40-year-old man with subglottic thyroid tissue and multinodular goiter who had been misdiagnosed earlier with bronchial asthma. After the correct diagnosis was established, the lesion was excised via an extern...