Drugs of abuse induce complex motivational states in their users which have been shown to vary developmentally. In addition to developmental variation, interindividual variation in the rewarding and aversive effects of drugs of abuse is an important consideration. A rat model was used to assess whether the conditioned rewarding/aversive effects of cocaine were maintained as individuals matured ...

We consider first order modal logic C firstly defined by Carnap in “Meaning and Necessity” [1]. We prove elimination of nested modalities for this logic, which gives additionally the Skolem-Löwenheim theorem for C. We also evaluate the degree of unsolvability for C, by showing that it is exactly 0′. We compare this logic with the logics of Henkin quantifiers, Σ1 logic, and SO. We also shortly d...

Reported by Jay Wackerly November 1, 2004 INTRODUCTION A chemical sensor is a molecule that interacts with another molecule giving a measurable signal in response. Chemical sensors based on conjugated polymers have received a great deal of attention due to their ability to detect analytes at low concentrations. Fluorescence quenching provides an effective means for detection because of the extr...

The article aims to develop a comprehensive pedagogical model for training future teachers of agrarian disciplines in the context implementing three-level technology educational process management (EPM). experience Great Britain is under review, which can be used improve technological forming professional competence teaching specialists.
 research methodology was determined by set methodol...

How do individuals think counterfactually about the outcomes of their decisions? Most previous studies have investigated how readers think about fictional stories, rather than how actors think about events they have actually experienced. We assumed that differences in individuals' roles (actor vs. reader) can make different information available, which in turn can affect counterfactual thinking...

The role of the uterus and that of the embryo in regulating luteal progesterone secretion appear to differ greatly, depending on the mammal. However, the situation is analogous in some mammals. The main role of luteal progesterone is to permit the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, and there appears to be a relationship between the type of placenta and the uterine and embryonic modes o...