a survey was carried out on the hyperparasitoids of the poplar spiral gall aphid, pemphigus spyrothecae passerini, 1860 in ardabil province from 2012 to 2013. two pteromalid species, including pachyneuron solitarium (hartig, 1838) and asaphes suspensus (nees, 1834) were reared from the mummified aphids. both species are hyperparasitoid of p. spyrothecae via monoctonia vesicarii tremblay, 1991 (...

spiders are poorly studied in iran, based on the latest studies the spider fauna of iran includes 394 species in 126 genera belonging to 36 families. considering the climatic and geographical variation of iran, it can be assumed that iran has a rich spider fauna compared to the adjacent countries. the present study seeks to take a new step in the ongoing active research of iranian spider fauna....

a checklist of iranian cryptinae (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae) for all species recorded of iran is given. the list is based on detailed studies of all available published data and some new collected samples. until now 123 species in 42 genera belonging to 3 tribes of this subfamily have been known from iran. cryptinae is the most species-rich subfamilies of ichneumonidae, and has a worldwide dis...

during a faunistic study of the family carabidae in guilan province in summer 2011, beetle specimens were collected directly or by using pitfall traps and light traps. a species of ground beetles was identified and later confirmed by dr. r. felix (berkel enschot, the netherlands) as parophonus dia (reitter). this species is recorded from iran for the first time.

during a nematological survey, nineteen known species of plant-parasitic nematodes belonging to the family tylenchidae (tylenchomorpha: tylenchoidea) were collected and identified from different localities of west azerbayjan and kermanshah provinces, iran. among them two species, namely discotylenchus attenuatus and tylenchus bhitaii, are new records for iranian nematode fauna, the male of t. b...

Machine-learning algorithms aid predictions for complex systems with multiple influencing variables. However, many neural-network related algorithms behave as black boxes in terms of revealing how the prediction of each data record is performed. This drawback limits their ability to provide detailed insights concerning the workings of the underlying system, or to relate predictions to specific ...